1. Dante Luiz Escuissato

2. Infections are related to specific immunity defects. Phagocyte abnormalities and intravenous catheters: Aspergillus and Candida species. T cell abnormalities and corticosteroid therapy: Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Pneumocystis jiroveci, and Candida species.

3. Am J Roentgenol 2005;185:608-615

4. Fusarium sp Aspergillus sp

5. Pseudomonas sp.

8. Infections Fungal infections (invasive aspergillosis, candidiasis, zygomycosis, fusariosis) Viral and bacterial infections Neoplasia Bronchoalveolar carcinoma Kaposi sarcoma Angiosarcoma metastasis Vasculitis (Wegener granulomatosis) Br J Radiol 2005;78:862-865

9. Chest X-ray: isolate or multiple nodular opacities, cavitate lesions, alveolar opacities. CT: nodules and alveolar opacities, with or without the halo sign. Radiographics 2001;21:825-837 Braz J Infect Dis 2007;11:110-113

10. Halo sign: 33-60%, disappears after one week (~75%) Recommendation: CT scan performed not beyond 5 th day after symptoms onset.

14. CT scan: nodules, consolidations, and ground- glass opacities. Candidiais and IPA: similar CT findings in immunocompromised patients. Halo sign and cavitation not helpful to differentiate fungal infections. Am J Roentgenol 2005;185:608-615 Radiology 2005;236:332-337

16. Zygomycosis: imaging abnormalites are similar to IPA in immunocompromised patients. Cryptococcosis:one or more nodules and masses (up 10cm in diameter), consolidations, and diffuse reticular a/o nodular opacities. Cavitations are seen in immunocompromised patients.

18. Brodoefel et al.: ~3 lesions (40 patients) Lesions enlarges inicially (~ 9 th day) stabilization regression (Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:404-413) Cavitation: indicative of favorable evolution.

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21. Chest X-ray: screening for lesions in patients with neutropenia and fever. High-resolution CT scan shows abnormalities not seen in chest X-rays. HRCT: differential diagnosis (infectious and not infectious lesions).

22. Nodules >10mm and lesions with the halo sign associated to clinical context are enough to presume the diagnosis of pulmonary invasive fungal infection