2. AP GOVERNMENT PUBLIC OPINION Chapter 5

3. PUBLIC OPINION The aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs by some portion of the adult population No ONE public opinion Consensus Opinion – majority portion of the public expresses the same view

4. Divisive Opinion - when the public holds widely differing attitudes John Q Public – average man or woman on the street Middle America – (Kraft, 1968) refers to Americans not in poverty but not yet affluent & hold traditional middle class values Silent Majority – people w/traditional values (against counterculture)

5. What Shapes Our Public Opinions? 1.FAMILY – the majority of young people identify with their parents’ political party Most important factor! –Table 5.1

6. When do we acquire our political knowledge? –Preschool – ideas of authority and rules –Elementary School – concept of govt as an institution AND political figures portrayed as honest and benevolent

7. –Adolescence – Begin to identify with a political party (can id w/liberal and conservative) –Adulthood – generally no change in political beliefs Major life change could change beliefs

8. Other Factors that Shape our PO… 2.Religion – for 2 reasons: 1.The social status of a religion (Catholics and Jews were often poor immigrants and ∴ are more liberal) 2.Religious Tradition (Protestants emphasize personal salvation ∴ are more conservative)

9. Other Factors continue… 3.Gender More women identify with the liberal view (Democratic) Figure 5.1 The gender gap is the difference in political views between men and women (Table 5.3)

10. Other Factors continue… 4.Schooling – College students are more liberal than the general population More schooling increases the rate at which people participate in politics WHY? 3 reasons on page 110

11. People more likely to vote… Middle age or older White Highly educated Outside the South Male Married White Collared Job Long time residents Wealthy

12. SOCIAL CLASS Has changed over the decades –EX. Occupation - Professionals – conservative in 50s but more liberal in 60s

13. What has remained constant? Unskilled workers tend to be more Democratic ↑ in higher educational degrees favors Democrats (16 points gained)

14. RACE and ETHNICITY African Americans – Democratic Whites – Republican Are the differences narrowing? –Younger AAs more likely to be Republican (26%) Table 5.6 (but is that trend changing with the election of Obama?) –Differing views b/t leaders and AA citizens

15. Most Latinos are Democratic –Except Cubans – Republican –Mexican – most Democratic Asians more Republican –Japanese most conservative –Koreans more liberal

16. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES Southerners more conservative (social issues) –Table 5.8 (only white Protestants) –Pro business (less so to organized labor) –Less Democratic (Dixiecrats)

17. Political Ideology Liberal v. Conservative Either has a patterned of set beliefs about how govt should operate TWO MAIN CATEGORIES –Economics and Personal Conduct

18. Measuring Political Ideology… 1.Self labeling 2.How accurate your ideology is based on your views on particular subjects

19. Most Americans are moderates Then Conservatives Last Liberals

20. Changes in the Definitions… Early 1800’s, liberalism meant personal and economic freedom from the state –Conservatives favored restoration of the state (more govt control) FDR – liberal referred to active govt

21. DEFINE THE FOLLOWING: Pure Liberal Pure Conservative Libertarian Populist Political Elite (activists)

22. INCONSISTENCIES in Public Opinions 1992-President George Bush Presidential Approval rating at a low (<40%) Disapproval of Congress (about 80%) Pride in being American over 90% Belief in democracy over 60%

23. Public Opinion Polling Sampling must be representative and random Complete list of all available people Selection of a random # to be interviewed –Equal chance of being chosen

24. DIVISION OF U.S. Division of nation into regions Regions into subregions Select several subregions in each region Random sample of each subregion –Random # phone callers –Every X # of houses

25. Sampling Error Difference between sample and entire population Margin of Error Accuracy of poll increases when the # polled increases

26. Other Inaccuracies Type of Questions –Emotional-loaded questions (please the interviewer) –Differences in wording Respondents’ truthfulness

27. Push Polling Given misleading information in the questions To vote AGAINST a particular candidate

28. Opinions of Various Groups Gender differences –Health for women, defense for men Age differences –Less military-conscious at younger age

29. Class differences –Education and income gap –Poorer-gov’t assistance –Middle to upper class-support civil liberties

30. Regional differences –South-strong military –South-prayer in school –White southerners-minimum support for civil rights

31. Racial differences –Race gap –OJ Simpson (divisive opinions) –Civil Rights support –More than Million Man March –Criticizing the Katrina Efforts –% of AA who voted for Obama v. % of all Americans who voted for Obama