1. Chapter 7 Behavioral and Social Learning Theories Viewing recommendations for Windows: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your screen area to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Colors set to Hi Color (16 bit). Viewing recommendations for Macintosh: Use the Arial TrueType font and set your monitor resolution to at least 800 by 600 pixels with Color Depth set to thousands of colors.

2. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–2 Overview Operant conditioning Educational applications of operant conditioning principles Social learning theory Using computer-assisted instruction in your classroom

3. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–3 Operant conditioning Theorist –B. F. Skinner Basic assumption –Voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened as a result of their consequences Original research –Rats in Skinner boxes

4. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–4 Operant conditioning concepts Positive reinforcement –Strengthening (increasing) a behavior by presenting a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred Negative reinforcement –Strengthening (increasing) a behavior by removing a negative stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

5. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–5 Operant conditioning concepts Presentation punishment (Type I) –Weakening (decreasing) a behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred Removal punishment (Type II, time-out) –Weakening (decreasing) a behavior by removing a positive stimulus immediately after the behavior has occurred

6. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–6 Operant conditioning concepts Extinction –When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency and eventually ceases altogether because reinforcement is withheld Spontaneous recovery –When an extinguished behavior reappears without having been reinforced

7. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–7 Conditions that define reinforcement, punishment, and extinction

8. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–8 Operant conditioning concepts Generalization –When an individual learns to make a particular response to a particular stimulus and then makes the same or a similar response in a slightly different situation Discrimination –When an individual learns to notice the unique aspects of seemingly similar situations and thus different ways of responding

9. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–9 Operant conditioning concepts Shaping –Reducing complex behaviors into several more simple behaviors –Reinforcing successive approximations to the complex behavior

10. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–10 Schedules of reinforcement Fixed interval schedule –Reinforcement occurs after a specific amount of time Variable interval schedule –Reinforcement occurs after a random amount of time

11. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–11 Schedules of reinforcement Fixed ratio schedule –Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses Variable ratio schedule –Reinforcement occurs after a random number of responses

12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–12 Educational applications of operant conditioning principles Programmed instruction Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) –Drill-and-practice programs –Simulation programs –Tutorial programs Integrated learning systems (ILS)

13. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–13 Educational applications of operant conditioning principles Behavior modification –Shaping –Token economies –Contingency contracts –Extinction, time-out, and response cost –Punishment

14. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–14 Steps in shaping Select the target behavior Obtain realistic baseline data Select potential reinforcers Reinforce successive approximations for the target behavior each time they occur Reinforce the newly established target behavior each time it occurs Reinforce the target behavior on a variable reinforcement schedule

15. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–15 Social learning theory Theorist –Albert Bandura Basic assumption –Observation and imitation of a model lead to changes in behavior Original research –Imitation of aggression by young children

16. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–16 Types of observational learning effects Inhibition –Learn not to do something we already know how to do because a model has refrained from behaving in that way, has been punished for behaving that way, or does something different than we intended Disinhibition –Learn to exhibit something not approved of because a model has done the same thing without being punished

17. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–17 Types of observational learning effects Facilitation –Prompted to do something that we do not ordinarily do because of insufficient motivation because a model has done the same thing True observational learning –Learn a new behavior pattern by watching and imitating the performance of someone else

18. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–18 Processes in observational learning Attention –Paying attention to a model’s behavior Retention –Encoding behavior into memory Production –Performance of behavior Motivation –Reinforcement of behavior

19. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–19 Motivation and reinforcement Direct reinforcement –Individual watches a model perform, imitates the behavior, and is reinforced by the model Vicarious reinforcement –Observer anticipates receiving a reward for behaving in a given way because someone else has been so rewarded

20. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–20 Motivation and reinforcement (cont’d) Self-reinforcement –Individual strives to meet personal standards and does not depend on or care about the reactions of others

21. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–21 Factors that affect self-efficacy Self-assessment of past performance Verbal persuasion from someone else Emotional reaction to task Vicarious experience of others

22. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–22 Behaviors affected by self-efficacy The goals and activities in which a person chooses to engage The kind of thought processes a person uses How hard and long a person strives to achieve a goal The kinds of emotional reactions a person experiences during tasks

23. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–23 Research on social learning theory Effects of modeling on aggression Effects of modeling on the learning of cognitive skills Effects of modeling on self-efficacy

24. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company7–24 Major types of CAI programs (Grabe & Grabe, 2001; Neill & Neill, 1993)

25. End of Chapter 7 Behavioral and Social Learning Theories