1. Why Cognitive Research Can’t Be Left to Cognitive Scientists jgrudin@microsoft.comhttp://research.microsoft.com/~jgrudin

3. Cognitive Science and HCI 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1983-1986Software Engineer, Wang Labs 1983-1986Software Engineer, Wang Labs 1986-1989Member of Technical Staff, MCC 1986-1989Member of Technical Staff, MCC 1989-1991Professor, Aarhus 1989-1991Professor, Aarhus 1991-1998Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine 1991-1998Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research

4. Cognitive Science and HCI 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit Tom MaloneBob GlushkoJim HollanAllan MacLean George FurnasGary PerlmanSteve DraperCatherine Marshall Jeff JohnsonTom EricksonEd HutchinsNick Hammond John BlackAllen Cypher Liam BannonPhil Barnard…

5. Cognitive Science and HCI 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD, Cognitive Pych) 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit Don Norman, UCSDGary Olson, Michigan Peter Polson, Col. Dave Rumelhart, “”Judy Olson, Michigan John Black, Yale Herb Clark, StanfordRoger Schvaneveldt, New Mexico Micha Pavel, StanfordDon Foss, Texas… CHI’83 was overwhelmingly psychologists

6. Coming in on the Wave

7. Inter-organizational Distributed teams

9. Three Kinds of Computer User (60s-70s) Operators (hands-on users of displays, printers, input devices) Operators (hands-on users of displays, printers, input devices) Programmers (using flowcharts, paper coding sheets) Programmers (using flowcharts, paper coding sheets) Users of reports and other output (reading text and viewing graphical output) Users of reports and other output (reading text and viewing graphical output)

10. Two threads of human- computer interaction research

11. The Receding Wave KLM and GOMS KLM and GOMS GUIs GUIs Bridging the islands Bridging the islands Few cognitive scientists are interested.

12. Stranded on the Beach Searching for shelter Searching for shelter Cultivating new crops Cultivating new crops – Capturing design rationale – Computer supported cooperative work – Ubiquitous and pervasive computing – Universal accessibility – …

13. Cognitive Science and HCI 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1968-1972BA, Math-Physics, Reed 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1972-1973MS, Mathematics, Purdue 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1973-1976Programmer, Wang Labs 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1976-1977Psychology Department, Stanford 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD Cognitive Pych) 1977-1981UC San Diego (PhD Cognitive Pych) 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1981-1983MRC Applied Psychology Unit 1983-1986Software Engineer, Wang Labs 1983-1986Software Engineer, Wang Labs 1986-1989Member of Technical Staff, MCC 1986-1989Member of Technical Staff, MCC 1989-1991Professor, Aarhus 1989-1991Professor, Aarhus 1991-1998Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine 1991-1998Professor of Inf. & CS, UC Irvine 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research 1998- Senior Researcher, Microsoft Research

14. Shifting Focus of Interface Development

15. Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Users: Programmers End-users Groups Organizations Specialists:EE/CS HF&E & Psychology Anthro & Management Methods: Benchmarks Lab experiment Observation Events: Millisecs Secs Mins Hours Weeks & months & hours Generality and High Low precision EvaluationLow High cost Levels of Development

16. Opportunity (Seen From Outside) Some traditional foci of cognitive / IS research Some traditional foci of cognitive / IS research – Decision making – Organization of information (printed or displayed) – Management of IT – Knowledge management Major expansion: direct hands-on use by everyone Major expansion: direct hands-on use by everyone

17. From Few to Many

19. Five Parts of Organizations (Mintzberg, 1984) Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core Techno- structure Support Staff

20. Executives, Managers, Individuals Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

21. Direct, Hands-On Technology Use 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” – Perin study of resistance by tech company managers 1990’s: Managers as late adopters 1990’s: Managers as late adopters – CEO use rose from 21% (1989) to 76% (2002) 2000’s: Managers as early adopters 2000’s: Managers as early adopters Why the change? Why the change? – New features & applications useful to managers – Graphical interfaces made learning & use easier – Use by friends, colleagues, at home helped learning – Use by professionals & kids erased secretarial stigma (1993) – Young individual contributors became middle-aged managers – Old managers disappeared

22. Direct, Hands-On Technology Use 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” 1980’s: “Managers don’t type.” – Perin study of resistance by tech company managers 1990’s: Managers as late adopters 1990’s: Managers as late adopters – CEO use rose from 21% (1989) to 76% (2002) 2000’s: Managers as early adopters 2000’s: Managers as early adopters Implications Implications – New process considerations for design, acquisition, deployment – New technology possibilities appear – Old technology possibilities disappear – Ways of using technology differ

23. Widely Distributed Applications Email Email Shared calendars Shared calendars Real-time communication & application sharing Real-time communication & application sharing Shared workspaces Shared workspaces Browsers Browsers IM? IM? Desktop video? Desktop video? Vertical applications Vertical applications

24. Activity In Organizations Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

25. Activity In Organizations Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

26. Activity In Organizations Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

27. Activity In Organizations Strategic Apex Middle Line Operating Core

28. Thank you… jgrudin@microsoft.comhttp://research.microsoft.com/~jgrudin

29. Going from Few to Many Hands-on Users Computers Computers Automobiles Automobiles From human-computer interaction to digitally mediated human interaction From focus on displays and controls to focus on traffic

30. Conventions and Conformity Result: One set of behaviors? – No, some groups don’t interact with each other – No, some groups have different constraints Interaction  well-defined, predictable behaviors to achieve greater efficiency or safety