1. Social Cognitive and Constructivist Views of Learning

2. Social Processes in Learning Peer influences Parenting styles Teacher support

3. Learning by Observing Others Social learning theory Attention Retention Production Motivation and reinforcement –Vicarious reinforcement

4. Factors That Influence Observational Learning Developmental level of learner Status and prestige of the model Similarity of models Vicarious consequences Outcome expectations Value of the goal Self-efficacy

5. Observational Learning in Teaching Directing attention Fine-tune already-learned behaviors Strengthening/weakening inhibitions Modeling Arousing emotions

6. Elements of Reciprocal Determinism Learning & Behavior Learning & Behavior Environment: resources consequences physical setting Environment: resources consequences physical setting Personal Factors: beliefs, expectations’ attitudes Personal Factors: beliefs, expectations’ attitudes Behavior: actions verbal statements choices Behavior: actions verbal statements choices

7. Constructivist Views of Learning Emphasize the role of the learner Psychological/individual constructivism Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism Constructionism

8. The Construction of Knowledge Three different views: External influences Internal influences Combination of external and internal

9. Is knowledge situated or general? Situated learning Community of practice Enculturation Transfer: general or specific?

10. Common Elements of Constructivist Perspectives Complex learning & authentic tasks Social negotiation Multiple representations of content Understanding knowledge construction process Student ownership of learning

11. Inquiry Learning Teacher presents a puzzling event Students formulate hypotheses Collect data Draw conclusions Reflect on original problem Reflect on the thinking process

12. Problem-Based Learning Real problems that have meaning for students Current events, social issues Anchored instruction

13. Instructional Conversations Promote learning They involve dialogue Provide opportunities for scaffolding

14. Cognitive Apprenticeships Observe model Get coaching/tutoring Receive scaffolding Articulate knowledge Reflect on progress Explore new ways to apply