1. Personal Development Mr. Young Psychology
Unit 2: Chapter 4, Section 2
Personal Development
Mr. Young
Psychology

2. Different developments
A sense of identity and self-esteem are very important and depend very much on friends
Three different developments:
Cognitive
Moral
Identity

3. Cognitive Development
Thinking patterns of adults emerge, such as abstract thinking (Piaget called this formal operations
Start to think more about their own life
Rationalization- a process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his/her self-esteem

4. Cognitive Cont.
Usually see a change in personality and social interactions
Become idealistic, rebellious, “messiah complex”
Lots of risk-taking, impatience with the previous generation
David Elkind came up with 6 different problems faced by adolescents

5. Finding fault with authority figures
People they admire may fall short of who they really are.

6. Argumentativeness
Are not afraid to express their views

7. Indecisiveness
Many choices create many indecisive moments

8. Apparent Hypocrisy
Have tough time living up to their ideal

9. Self-Consciousness
Everyone and everything is focuses on you

10. Invulnerability
I am Invincible, i can’t die, risk-taking

11. Lawrence Kohlberg
Stage 1: totally egocentric, avoid punishment at all cost
Stage 2: Receive rewards and avoid punishment
Stage 3: want social approval, worry about what others think
Stage 4: law and order, moral issues
Stage 5: law is fair or just, it is good for society as a whole
Stage 6: ethical principles that apply to everyone, such as the golden rule

12. Moral Development A person’s moral development depend on many factors.
Most important: relationship he has with this parents or significant others
Most moral development occurs not during high school but during college

13. Erik Erikson

14. Identity Development
Erik Erikson- shown how identity is key to adolescent development

15. Erikson theory of Identity Crisis
Building an identity is unique to teens by thinking about the future as reality
Identity crisis- a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are
Several factors: physiological, cognitive, sex drives, intimacy
Focused his study on disturbed teens who were seeking helping

16. Erikson Cont.
Feel torn by choice of being unique and trying to just fit in
Crisis between Identity formation vs. Identity confusion
Task of adolescence is to become unique individual with a valid sense of self in society

17. Erikson Cont.
Identity forms when the adolescent can resolve issues and answer the questions, “Who Am I?”
Role confusion is normal
Confusion is represented by childish behavior to avoid resolving conflicts and by being impulsive in decision making

18. Marcia’s view of Identity Crisis
James Marcia agreed with Erikson
Identity moratorium adolescents: considering issues but no decisions made yet
Identity foreclosure adolescents: made commitment based on suggestion of others
Identity confused/diffused adolescents: no serious thought to decisions or identity
Identity achievement adolescents: have thought about and made decisions freely

19. Social Learning View
A.C. Peterson say that crisis is not the normal view
Crisis is generally a change in external circumstances rather than biological such as divorce

20. Albert Badura
Albert Bandura, Social learning theory- emphasizes interaction with others

21. Margaret Mead
Human development is a continuous process, not one marked by radical change
In remote countries, adolescence not expected to act much different than they did as kids or will as adults.
Also, have gender roles that are the same as adults