1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 22 1 THE RESPITORY SYSTEM PART A CHAPTER 22 Read pages: 804-819

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiration2 Function: Supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems Four processes that supply the body with O 2 and dispose of CO 2

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiration 3 Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs External respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between the lungs and the blood Transport: O 2 and CO 2 in the blood Internal respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues Respiratory system Circulatory system

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy 4 Major organs Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi and their branches Lungs and alveoli

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.1 Nasal cavity Nostril Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Right lung Left lung Diaphragm Fig. 22.1 pg: 805

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Functional Anatomy 6 Respiratory zone: site of gas exchange Microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli Conducting zone: conduits to gas exchange sites Includes all other respiratory structures Respiratory muscles: diaphragm and other muscles that promote ventilation PLAY Animation: Rotatable face

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose 7 Functions Provides an airway for respiration Moistens and warms the entering air Filters and cleans inspired air Serves as a resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose 8 Two regions: external nose and nasal cavity 1.External nose: root, bridge, dorsum nasi, and apex Nostrils (nares): bounded laterally by the alae

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.2a Epicranius, frontal belly Ala of nose Root and bridge of nose Dorsum nasi Apex of nose Philtrum Naris (nostril) (a) Surface anatomy 9. Fig. 22a pg: 806

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.2b Frontal bone Nasal bone Septal cartilage Maxillary bone (frontal process) Lateral process of septal cartilage Minor alar cartilages Major alar cartilages Dense fibrous connective tissue (b) External skeletal framework 10. Fig 22 b pg: 80 6

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Nose 11 2.Nasal cavity: in and posterior to the external nose Divided by a midline nasal septum Posterior nasal apertures (choanae) open into the nasal pharynx koe.an’.e/funnel Roof: ethmoid and sphenoid bones Floor: hard and soft palates

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity 12 Vestibule: nasal cavity superior to the nostrils Hairs filter coarse particles from inspired air Olfactory mucosa Lines the superior nasal cavity Contains smell receptors

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity 13 Respiratory mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Mucous and serous secretions contain lysozyme (antibacterial enzyme) and defensins (natural antibiotic) Cilia move contaminated mucus posteriorly to throat Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins Sensory nerve endings triggers sneezing

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3c Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Fig. 22.3c Pg: 808 14

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasal Cavity 15 Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae (Kong’.ke) Protrude from the lateral walls Increase mucosal area Enhance air turbulence

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Functions of the Nasal Mucosa and 16 Conchae During inhalation, the conchae and nasal mucosa Filter, heat, and moisten air During exhalation these structures Reclaim heat and moisture

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Paranasal Sinuses 17 In frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones Lighten the skull and help to warm and moisten the air

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pharynx 18 Muscular tube that connects to the Nasal cavity and mouth superiorly Larynx and esophagus inferiorly From the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3b Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx (b) Regions of the pharynx Fig. 22.3 pg. 808

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Nasopharynx 20 Air passageway posterior to the nasal cavity Lining: pseudostratified columnar epithelium Soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on posterior wall Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes open into the lateral walls

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Oropharynx 21 Passageway for food and air from the level of the soft palate to the epiglottis Lining of stratified squamous epithelium Palatine tonsils in the lateral walls of fauces Lingual tonsil on the posterior surface of the tongue

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Laryngopharynx 22 Passageway for food and air Posterior to the upright epiglottis Extends to the larynx, where it is also continuous with the esophagus

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.3c Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Nasopharynx Uvula Palatine tonsil Isthmus of the fauces Posterior nasal aperture Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Pharyngeal tonsil Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Vocal fold Esophagus (c) Illustration Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasal vestibule Nostril Nasal cavity Hard palate Soft palate Tongue Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Larynx Thyroid cartilage Vestibular fold Cricoid cartilage Thyroid gland Trachea Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Fig. 22.3c Pg. 808

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx 24 Attaches to the hyoid bone and opens into the laryngopharynx Continuous with the trachea Functions 1.Provides a patent airway 2.Routes air and food into proper channels 3.Voice production

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx 25 Cartilages of the larynx Hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis Thyroid cartilage with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Epiglottis: elastic cartilage; covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx 26 Vocal ligaments Contain elastic fibers Form core of vocal folds (true vocal cords) Opening between them is the glottis Folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs

27. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx 27 Vestibular folds (false vocal cords) Superior to the vocal folds No part in sound production Help to close the glottis during swallowing

28. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.5 (a) Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis (b) Vocal folds in open position; open glottis Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Inner lining of trachea Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Fig. 22.5 a&b pg. 811

29. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Voice Production 29 Speech: intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis Pitch is determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords Loudness depends upon the force of air Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality Sound is “shaped” into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Larynx 30 Vocal folds may act as a sphincter to prevent air passage Example: Valsalva’s maneuver Glottis closes to prevent exhalation Abdominal muscles contract Intra-abdominal pressure rises Helps to empty the rectum or stabilizes the trunk during heavy lifting

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Trachea 31 Windpipe: from the larynx into the mediastinum Wall composed of three layers 1.Mucosa: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells 2.Submucosa: connective tissue with seromucous glands 3.Adventitia: outermost layer made of connective tissue that encases the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

32. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Trachea 32 Trachealis muscle Connects posterior parts of cartilage rings Contracts during coughing to expel mucus Carina Last tracheal cartilage Point where trachea branches into two bronchi

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.6a (a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus Hyaline cartilage Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Posterior Lumen of trachea Anterior Esophagus Trachealis muscle Adventitia Fig: 22.6a Pg. 812

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.6b (b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x) Hyaline cartilage Lamina propria (connective tissue) Submucosa Mucosa Seromucous gland in submucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Fig: 22.6b Pg. 812

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bronchi and Subdivisions 35 Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching Branching pattern called the bronchial (respiratory) tree

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conducting Zone Structures 36 Trachea  right and left main (primary) bronchi Each main bronchus enters the hilum of one lung Each main bronchus branches into lobar (secondary) bronchi (three right, two left) Each lobar bronchus supplies one lobe

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conducting Zone Structures 37 Each lobar bronchus branches into segmental (tertiary) bronchi Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly Bronchioles are less than 1 mm in diameter Terminal bronchioles are the smallest, less than 0.5 mm diameter

38. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.7 Trachea Superior lobe of right lung Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Inferior lobe of left lung Fig: 22.7 pg. 813

39. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Conducting Zone Structures 39 From bronchi through bronchioles, structural changes occur Cartilage rings give way to plates; cartilage is absent from bronchioles Epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to cuboidal; cilia and goblet cells become sparse Relative amount of smooth muscle increases

40. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Zone 40 Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs (clusters of alveoli) ~300 million alveoli account for most of the lungs’ volume and are the main site for gas exchange

41. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.8a (a) Alveolar duct Alveoli Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchiole Fig: 22.8a pg. 814

42. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.8b (b) Alveolar pores Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchiole Alveoli Alveolar sac Fig: 22.8b pg. 814 Emphysema/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

43. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Respiratory Membrane 43 ~0.5-  m-thick air-blood barrier Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes Alveolar walls Single layer of squamous epithelium (type I cells) Scattered type II cuboidal cells secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

44. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9a Elastic fibers (a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships Smooth muscle Alveolus Capillaries Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole 44 Fig. 22.9a pg. 816

45. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9b 45 Fig. 22.9b pg. 816

46. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Alveoli 46 Surrounded by fine elastic fibers Contain open pores that Connect adjacent alveoli Allow air pressure throughout the lung to be equalized House alveolar macrophages that keep alveolar surfaces sterile

47. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.9c Capillary Type II (surfactant- secreting) cell Type I cell of alveolar wall Endothelial cell nucleus Macrophage Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Alveolar pores Capillary endothelium Fused basement membranes of the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium Alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Red blood cell O2O2 Alveolus CO 2 Capillary Alveolus Nucleus of type I (squamous epithelial) cell (c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane 47 Fig. 22.9c pg. 816

48. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs 48 Occupy all of the thoracic cavity except the mediastinum Root: site of vascular and bronchial attachments Costal surface: anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces

49. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10c Esophagus (in mediastinum) Right lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial membranes Sternum Anterior Posterior Root of lung at hilum Left lung Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum (c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Left main bronchus Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary vein Vertebra 49 Fig. 22.10c pg 817

50. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs 50 Apex: superior tip Base: inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm Hilum: on mediastinal surface; site for attachment of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves Cardiac notch of left lung: concavity that accommodates the heart

51. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Lungs 51 Left lung is smaller, separated into two lobes by an oblique fissure Right lung has three lobes separated by oblique and horizontal fissures Bronchopulmonary segments (10 right, 8–9 left) Lobules are the smallest subdivisions; served by bronchioles and their branches

52. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10a Trachea Apex of lung Thymus Right superior lobe Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Base of lung Left superior lobe Cardiac notch Oblique fissure Left inferior lobe Lung Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Rib Intercostal muscle Visceral pleura (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. 52Fig: 22.10c pg. 817

53. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.11 Right superior lobe (3 segments) Right middle lobe (2 segments) Right inferior lobe (5 segments) Left superior lobe (4 segments) Left inferior lobe (5 segments) Right lungLeft lung 53 Fig. 22.11 Pg. 818

54. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Supply 54 Pulmonary circulation (low pressure, high volume) Pulmonary arteries deliver systemic venous blood Branch profusely, along with bronchi Feed into the pulmonary capillary networks Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to the heart

55. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood Supply 55 Systemic circulation (high pressure, low volume) Bronchial arteries provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue Arise from aorta and enter the lungs at the hilum Supply all lung tissue except the alveoli Pulmonary veins carry most venous blood back to the heart

56. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pleurae 56 Thin, double-layered serosa Parietal pleura on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm Visceral pleura on external lung surface Pleural fluid fills the slitlike pleural cavity Provides lubrication and surface tension

57. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 21.10c Esophagus (in mediastinum) Right lung Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Pericardial membranes Sternum Anterior Posterior Root of lung at hilum Left lung Thoracic wall Pulmonary trunk Heart (in mediastinum) Anterior mediastinum (c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs, pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown. Left main bronchus Left pulmonary artery Left pulmonary vein Vertebra 57 Fig: 22.10c pg. 817

58. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mechanics of Breathing 58 Pulmonary ventilation consists of two phases 1.Inspiration: gases flow into the lungs 2.Expiration: gases exit the lungs 3.Inspiration/expiration 4.Cellular Respiration