1. Management, Organizational Policies and Practices Lecture 31

2. Recap from Lecture 11 Reinforcement Theory Equity Theory Justice and Equity Theory Expectancy Theory Job Characteristics Model How can Jobs be Redesigned? Alternative Work Arrangements Conclusions

3. Recap from Lecture 12 Employee Involvement – Participative Management – Representative Participation – Quality Circles Linking Employee Involvement programs & Motivation Theories Using Rewards to Motivate Employees What to Pay: establishing a Pay Structure How to Pay: Rewarding individual Employees Through Variable-Pay Programs – Piece-Rate Pay – Merit Based Pay

4. Recap from Lecture 12 – Bonuses – Skill Based Pay – Profit-sharing plans – Gain –sharing – Employee Stock Ownership Plans Global Implications

5. Recap from Lecture 13 Raw Data/Information Characteristics of useful information – Complete – Reliable – Accurate – Timely Costs of Useful Information – Acquisition Costs – Processing Costs – Storage Costs – Retrieval Costs – Communication Costs

6. Recap Lecture 13 Strategic Importance of Information – First Mover advantage – Resource Based View of IT Capturing Information – Manual – Electronic Bar Codes Electronic Scanners 6 CHAPTER SEVEN

7. Recap Lecture 13 Storing Information – Microfilm – CD ROM DVD – Data Storage Tapes – Hard Drive Processing Information – Centralized Processing – Distributed Processing – Shared Processing Accessing and sharing information and Knowledge 7 CHAPTER SEVEN

8. Recap from Lecture 14 1.describe the basic control process. 2.answer the question: Is control necessary or possible? 3.discuss the various methods that managers can use to maintain control. 4.describe the behaviors, processes, and outcomes that today’s managers are choosing to control their organizations.

9. Recap from Lecture 15 What is personality and personality traits? Measuring Personality Determinants of Personality The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Big-Five Personality Traits Personality Traits and outcomes Core self-evaluations Other personality traits – Risk-Taking – Type A and Type B personality – Proactive Personality – Self-Efficacy – Political Skills Person-Job Fit

10. Recap from Lecture 16 What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important? Factors That Influence Perception Attribution Theory Errors and Biases in Attributions Frequently Used Shortcuts in Judging Others – Selective Perception – Halo Effect – Contrast effect – Projection – Stereotyping Specific Applications in Organizations – Employment Interview – Performance Expectations – Ethnic Profiling – Performance Evaluations

11. Recap from Lecture 16 The Link Between Perceptions and Individual Decision Making Assumptions of the Rational Decision-Making Model The Three Components of Creativity How Are Decisions Actually Made in Organizations? Common Biases and Errors Intuition Individual Differences in Decision Making Organizational Constraints on Decision Making Cultural Differences in Decision Making Ethics and Decisions Making Ways to Improve Decision Making Toward Reducing Bias and Errors

12. Recap from Lecture 17 Model of Employee Behavior Major Categories of Employee Behavior External Influenes on Employee Behavior – Factors in the External Environment – Factors in the Work Environment Internal Factors that Influence Employee Behavior – Attitudes – Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSAs)

13. Recap from Lecture 18 What is Equal Employment Opportunity? What is sexual Harassment? Defenses against discrimination allegations Adverse Impact Bona fide occupational qualifications Business Necessity Discriminatory Employment Practices – Recruitment – Selection standards Diversity Management Workforce Diversity in Practice Diversity’s Benefits Equal Employment Opportunity versus Affirmative Action Steps in Affirmative Action Program Improving Productivity through Diversity Management Recruiting Minorities Online Reverse Discrimination

14. Recap from Lecture 19 1. Why workers form unions? 2. The collective bargaining process 3. Violations of good faith bargaining 4. Illustrate with examples bargaining that is not in good faith. 5. Conditions for good faith bargaining 6. Parties in negotiations 7. Bargaining items 8. Bargaining stages and process 9. Impasses, strikes 7. Mediations and Arbitration 8. Grievances 9. Develop a grievance procedure. 10. Labor Laws in Pakistan

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