2. Muslim Achievements Golden Age

3. Muhammad’s Death  632 C.E. Muhammad dies leaving his followers in grief with out a pious and powerful leader.  Abu Bakr – an early convert to Islam takes charge in an effort to keep the Arabs united in Islam.

4. Movements in Islam  Sunni’s, Shiites and Sufi –Sunni’s – Believe that the “caliph” should be chosen by the religious leaders of the Muslim community –Shiites’- the only true successor to Muhammad are the descendants of his daughter and son-in- law. (Fatima and Ali) - Sufi – Muslim Mystics. Use fasting and meditation to reach Allah. (Missionaries of Islam)

5. The Spread of Islam Muslim Lands at the time of Muhammad's Death. 632 C.E.

6. Muslim Lands under the first four Caliphs. 632-661 C.E. The Spread of Islam

7. Muslim Lands under the Umayyad Caliphs. 661-750 C.E. The Spread of Islam

8. Why was Islam able to spread? Conquest Society Religion

9. Muslim Conquest  First four caliphs – Conquered vast chunks of the Byzantine empire  Syria & Palestine (Damascus & Jerusalem)  Umayyad  North Africa – Straight of Gibraltar to Spain and part of France

10. Muslim Conquest  Why was conquest successful – Due to the weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires.  Muslims -welcomed in conquered lands as liberators of the oppressive rulers  Common Religion –Brought Arab tribes together –Belief of the certainty of paradise for those who die in battle.

11. Muslim Society  Muslim empire encompassed many different groups.  Learning centers - Syria, Persia, Spain, and Egypt  International flavor  Market towns = cities  Baghdad, Damascus, Cordoba, Cairo  Baghdad’s population = near 1 million

12. Muslim Society  Muslim Social classes: Upper class were Muslim born  Second class = Convert to Islam = paid higher taxes than upper class but less than non-Muslim people  Third class = (protected people) = Christians and Jews  Lowest = slaves = POW’s & non-M.

13. Muslim Society: Role of Women-  “Men are the managers of the affairs of women,” and “Righteous women are therefore obedient.” (Qur’an)  Believers = men & women are equal  More rights then European women  Shari’a legal code: rights = marriage, family & property

14. Muslim Society: Role of Women-  Qur’an = care for widows & orphans, divorce, & protected a woman’s inheritance  Poor wife = work fields with husband  Wealthier women = supervised household & servants  Education = poets & scholars

15. Muslim Scholarship:  Advancement of science: Doctors  Relied on mathematicians & astronomers  Prophets emphasized scholarship  Preserved & expanded knowledge during Middle ages  al-Ma’mun = House of Wisdom = library, academy, & translation center

16. Muslim: Art & Science Page from a Manuscript of the Qur’an (37:12-17) Abbasid Caliphate second half of 9th century Illuminated Opening Page from a Manuscript of Hadith (Muslim Tradition) Iran or Iraq 12th-early 13th century

17. Muslim: Art & Science  House of Wisdom = researchers, editors, linguists, & technical advisers  Standards and techniques for research = part of basic methods of today

18. Muslim: Art & Science  al- Razi = was greatest physician in Muslim world: wrote “Comprehensive Book” & “Treatise on Smallpox & Measles”

19. Muslim: Art & Science  Mathematician = Al-Khwarizmi created al-jabr = algebra

20. Muslim: Art & Science  Ibn al-Haytham = wrote “Optics” = used to develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes  Ibn Rushd = tried to harmonize Aristotle & Plato’s views with Islam (Shari’a)

21. Muslim: Art & Science  Jewish Philosopher = Moses Ben Maimon =“The Guide of the Perplexed” = blended philosophy, religion, and science  Literature: poetry = bravery, love, life, & generosity  “The Thousand and One Nights” = fairy tales & legends

22. Muslim: Art & Science  Architecture: Building reflected the culture of the people  Blended styles = Roman, Byzantine

23. Muslim: Art & Science  Unified Muslim state broke up  Three Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal  Muslim knowledge was later draw upon during the Renaissance