1. The Diurnal Cycle of Salinity Kyla Drushka 1, Sarah Gille 2, Janet Sprintall 2 kdrushka@apl.uw.edu 1. Applied Physics Lab, Univ. of Washington 2. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography Aquarius Science Team Meeting 12 November 2014

2. day night thin, warm mixed layer (traps atmospheric fluxes) deep, cool mixed layer surface cooling, overturning, mixing Diurnal variations in solar radiation affect SST, mixing, etc. – can improve climate modeling of air-sea processes …Do diurnal salinity variations matter? e.g. in regions where salinity controls mixed-layer depth

3. Aquarius mean ascending–descending difference: (V3.0 CAP L2 data, 3-yr average, 2 o bins) 0.5 psu –0.5 Ascending = evening, descending=morning Does diurnal salinity account for any of this signal?

4. Diurnal salinity from TAO buoy data at 1 m depth 156E,2N 1-m salinity Hour of day (local time) *showing two cycles 6 12 18 0 –0.005 0 6 12 18 psu 0 +0.005 ±0.006 psu 1. One year of hourly data 2. high-pass filter 3. bin by hour of day Nighttime salinity increase (max S at 8am) Daytime freshening (min S at 3pm)

5. Diurnal salinity at all TAO moorings: Diurnal salinity amplitude (psu) 0 0.01 60E 120E 180E 120W 60W0 60E 0 15N 15S

6. Aquarius ascending–descending salinity >> 1-m diurnal salinity 0.5 –0.5 Diurnal salinity amplitude (psu) 0 0.01 60E 120E 180E 120W 60W0 60E 0 15N 15S Diurnal salinity at all TAO moorings:

7. Diurnal salinity decays with depth. Open question: how much? depth Diurnal salinity

8. precipitation evaporation entrainment Salinity at 1-m (buoy) depth ≈ advection assume h p ~3m assume h E ~1m negligible h = mixed-layer depth

9. Total ∆S: ±0.006 psu hour (local time) 0 6 12 18 24 mm/hr –0.005 0.005 0 –0.1 0.1 0 4 –4 0 –0.01 0.01 0 6 12 18 psu mm/hr m precipitation –0.004 psu evaporation +0.001 psu entrainment +0.003 psu Estimated contributions: 1-m salinity precipitation evaporation mixed-layer depth deeper 156E,2N

10. –0.2 0.2 0 Diurnal salinity amplitude (psu) 0 0.01 0 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 R = 0.89 slope = 0.6 ± 0.2 R = 0.73 slope = 0.06 ± 0.03 R = 0.91 slope = 0.3 ± 0.1 0 0.01 0.02 0 0.01 0.005 Observed ∆S, psu Precipitation contribution, psu Evaporation contribution, psu Entrainment contribution, psu Precipitation & entrainment consistently dominate diurnal salinity 60E 120E 180E 120W 60W0 60E 0 15N 15S

11. Where diurnal salinity is expected to be strong: 60E 120E 180E 120W 60W 060E 0 30N 30S 0 30N 30S Diurnal rain rate amplitude (TRMM 3-hrly data) Climatological "stratification strength" (∆S/h) from the MIMOC product, an Argo-based climatology 0 0.1 diurnal rain rate, mm/hr psu/m x 10 -3 0 2 Observed diurnal salinity Diurnal salinity amplitude (psu) 0 0.01 60E 120E 180E 120W 60W0 60E 0 15N 15S

12. Recap 1.Diurnal salinity at 1-m depth is small but significant 2.Rain drives diurnal salinity. Entrainment sets the phase. 3.Ascending–descending Aquarius differences are much bigger than 1-m diurnal salinity – but: 1cm signal is likely larger than 1m signal, so diurnal salinity could still affect Aquarius

13. What we need to know to understand if diurnal salinity affects Aquarius: 1. What is the thickness / salinity anomaly of fresh pools? 2. How does salinity decay with depth in the upper few meters? …1-d modeling Diurnal salinity

14. Generalized Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) (Burchard & Bolding 2001, www.gotm.net) 1-d model: – 2-parameter k-ε turbulence closure scheme – forced with hourly TAO observations (shortwave flux, wind, rain) – T and S profiles initialized once per day (at sunrise) – COARE bulk formula – surface wave-breaking (Burchard, 2001) and internal wave parameterizations (Large et al., 1994) – <5cm resolution within the top 5m (<30cm within the mixed layer) – 1-min time step – has been used for diurnal/surface layer studies (e.g., Jeffery et al., 2008; Pimental et al., 2008)

15. Validation: GOTM vs TAO Forcing: Precipitation 0 10 20 mm/hr 28 32 oCoC 30 Model Observation (TAO) Model Observation (TAO) 32 34 psu 33 14 Sept 21 Sept 1-m temperature 1-m salinity Fresh events captured (R 2 =0.77 over 8-month run) Diurnal warming well reproduced (R 2 =0.89 over 8-month run)

16. Lens formation under rain with GOTM Idealised rain (Gaussian pulse) + wind (sinusoid) 0 15 mm/hr 0 6 m/s 0 20 z, m -0.05 0.05 psu wind speed (4±1 m/s) 10 rain rate (peak 5mm/hr) 5 salinity anomaly relative to no-rain case 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 psu salinity anomaly at z=1 m 0 -0.1 -0.2 Local time

17. Varying the strength of rain Rain rate affects: – Strength of salinity anomaly – Lens thickness (h p ) Weaker rain (2 mm/hr) 0 15 mm/hr 0 10 0 20 z, m 0 15 0 10 0 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 m/s Stronger rain (10 mm/hr) 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 0 -0.2 psu S' 1m 0 -0.2 -0.05 0.05 S', psu rain rate wind speed

18. Varying the strength of wind 0 15 mm/hr 0 10 0 20 z, m 0 15 0 10 0 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 m/s 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 0 -0.2 psu S' 1m 0 -0.2 -0.05 0.05 S', psu Weaker wind (5 m/s) Stronger wind (10 m/s) Wind speed controls: – Strength of salinity anomaly – Duration of salinity anomaly rain rate wind speed

19. Strongest salinity anomalies when: 00:00 12:00 06:00 18:00 Hour of peak wind 0.05 0.10 0.15 Magnitude of salinity anomaly, psu – rain coincides with weak winds – surface mixed layer is thin (mid-day) 12:0006:00 18:00 Hour of peak rain

20. Summary TAO mooring data show a significant, weak diurnal salinity cycle driven by rain + entrainment (Drushka et al., JGR, 2014) Observed diurnal ∆S Precipitation contribution Evaporation contribution Entrainment contribution wind weak rain strong weak strong A 1-d turbulence model shows that wind & rain strength significantly affects lens formation & salinity anomaly

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