1. 1 Air & Space Functions

2. 2 If you are an airman then you believe that airpower, if used in certain ways, will achieve victory more quickly than if used in other ways.

3. 3 Levels of Air & Space DoctrineLevels of Air & Space Doctrine Functions of Air & Space PowerFunctions of Air & Space Power CounterairCounterair CounterspaceCounterspace CounterlandCounterland CounterseaCountersea Strategic AttackStrategic Attack CounterinformationCounterinformation Command & ControlCommand & Control Overview

4. 4 Air & Space Functions AirliftAirlift Air RefuelingAir Refueling SpaceliftSpacelift Special Operations EmploymentSpecial Operations Employment IntelligenceIntelligence SurveillanceSurveillance ReconnaissanceReconnaissance Combat Search & RescueCombat Search & Rescue Navigation & PositioningNavigation & Positioning Weather ServicesWeather Services

5. 5 Levels of Air & Space DoctrineLevels of Air & Space Doctrine BasicBasic OperationalOperational TacticalTactical

6. 6 3 Levels of Doctrine Basic Doctrine (AFDD 1)Basic Doctrine (AFDD 1) Most fundamental and enduring beliefs that guide proper use of air & space forcesMost fundamental and enduring beliefs that guide proper use of air & space forces NOT a checklist or scientific formulaNOT a checklist or scientific formula

7. 7 3 Levels of Doctrine Operational Doctrine (AFDD 2)Operational Doctrine (AFDD 2) More detailed organization of air & space forcesMore detailed organization of air & space forces Tactical DoctrineTactical Doctrine Most detailedMost detailed Codified in AFTTP 3-series (Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures)Codified in AFTTP 3-series (Air Force Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures)

8. 8 Functions of Air & Space PowerFunctions of Air & Space Power broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power broad, fundamental, and continuing activities of air and space power not necessarily unique to the Air Forcenot necessarily unique to the Air Force these battle-proven functions can be conducted at any level of war and enable the Air Force to shape and control the battlespacethese battle-proven functions can be conducted at any level of war and enable the Air Force to shape and control the battlespace

9. 9 Counterair “... attain and maintain...air superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy forces” AFDD 1

10. 10 Traditional war: defense >>> offenseTraditional war: defense >>> offense Airpower: offense > defenseAirpower: offense > defense Ability to mass quickly and decisivelyAbility to mass quickly and decisively SpeedSpeed Range (strike at enemy’s core)Range (strike at enemy’s core) SurpriseSurprise Offense vs. Defense

11. 11 Potential Counterair Targets AircraftAircraft Airbases and launch facilitiesAirbases and launch facilities AircrewsAircrews Warning and control facilitiesWarning and control facilities Surface based air defenseSurface based air defense

12. 12 Traditional role most think aboutTraditional role most think about Good opportunity to destroy both crews and airframesGood opportunity to destroy both crews and airframes Can be extremely dangerousCan be extremely dangerous Aircraft

13. 13 Airbases Or Launch Facilities If the aircraft can’t be flown, they’re not a threatIf the aircraft can’t be flown, they’re not a threat Very efficient way to destroy aircraftVery efficient way to destroy aircraft (on the ground) (on the ground) Can attack logisticsCan attack logistics POL, munitions, etcPOL, munitions, etc

14. 14 Aircrews You need someone to fly the plane!You need someone to fly the plane! Cost & time to train a pilot is very significantCost & time to train a pilot is very significant Attack in the airAttack in the air Attack on the groundAttack on the ground

15. 15 Warning And Control Facilities Effectively eliminate the enemy’s ability to think, communicate, or gather intelligenceEffectively eliminate the enemy’s ability to think, communicate, or gather intelligence Render enemy deaf, dumb, and blind...Render enemy deaf, dumb, and blind... Information WarfareInformation Warfare Disrupt enemy information capabilitiesDisrupt enemy information capabilities Enemy incapable of mounting coordinated defense effortEnemy incapable of mounting coordinated defense effort

16. 16 Surface-based Air Defenses Surface to air missiles (SAMs)Surface to air missiles (SAMs) Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA)Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) Extremely lethal to aircraftExtremely lethal to aircraft

17. 17 Counterspace “..attain & maintain...space superiority by the destruction or neutralization of enemy forces” AFDD 1

18. 18 Counterspace Offensive CounterspaceOffensive Counterspace Deception Deception Disruption Disruption Denial Denial Degradation Degradation Destruction Destruction

19. 19 Counterspace Defensive CounterspaceDefensive Counterspace Active & passive actions which protect our space-related capabilities from enemy attack or interference Active & passive actions which protect our space-related capabilities from enemy attack or interference

20. 20 Counterland “...attain & maintain...superiority over surface operations by the destruction or neutralization of enemy surface forces” AFDD 1

21. 21 Disrupting, delaying, or destroying the enemy’s forces before it can be used against friendly forces.Disrupting, delaying, or destroying the enemy’s forces before it can be used against friendly forces. Two types of interdiction attack targetsTwo types of interdiction attack targets Military weapon systems (tanks)Military weapon systems (tanks) Military supplies (POL)Military supplies (POL) Interdiction

22. 22 One of airpower’s most flexible and powerful usesOne of airpower’s most flexible and powerful uses Strike at enemy forces w/o having to fight themStrike at enemy forces w/o having to fight them Disrupts enemy’s offensive operationsDisrupts enemy’s offensive operations Very powerful force enhancerVery powerful force enhancer Interdiction

23. 23 Air operations against hostile targets in theAir operations against hostile targets in the close proximity to friendly forces….. Occurs in or near battlefieldOccurs in or near battlefield Close Air Support

24. 24 Provides direct support of friendly surface forcesProvides direct support of friendly surface forces Can seriously disrupt enemy’s will to fight!Can seriously disrupt enemy’s will to fight! Most focused, yet briefest effects of all counterland missionsMost focused, yet briefest effects of all counterland missions At times, may be most critical missionAt times, may be most critical mission Should be used at battle’s most decisive pointShould be used at battle’s most decisive point Close Air Support

25. 25 “….extensions of Air Force functions into a maritime environment”“….extensions of Air Force functions into a maritime environment” Objective:Objective: Gain control of the mediumGain control of the medium Support of naval forces (or independently)Support of naval forces (or independently) Countersea

26. 26 “...operations intended to directly achieve strategic effects by striking at the enemy’s centers of gravity” (COG) AFDD 1 The point where: the enemy is most vulnerable the enemy is most vulnerable an attack will have the best chance of being decisive.an attack will have the best chance of being decisive. Col John Warden, The Air Campaign Col John Warden, The Air Campaign Strategic Attack

27. 27 Striking enemy in the coreStriking enemy in the core Bring enemy to it knees Bring enemy to it knees Stop enemy’s will to fight Stop enemy’s will to fight Possible strategic attack targetsPossible strategic attack targets National leadershipNational leadership Command & control (C2)Command & control (C2) War production facilitiesWar production facilities InfrastructureInfrastructure Strategic Attack

28. 28 Counterinformation Seeks to establish information superiority through control of the information realmSeeks to establish information superiority through control of the information realm Focus: countering the enemy’s ability to attain information advantageFocus: countering the enemy’s ability to attain information advantage

29. 29 Counterinformation Offensive CounterinformationOffensive Counterinformation Disable/degrade selected enemy information opsDisable/degrade selected enemy information ops EX: Jamming radars, deception, PSYOPSEX: Jamming radars, deception, PSYOPS Defensive CounterinformationDefensive Counterinformation Protecting our informationProtecting our information EX: OPSEC, COMSECEX: OPSEC, COMSEC

30. 30 Command & Control (C2) Process by whichProcess by which the commander decides what action is to be taken the commander decides what action is to be taken the system monitors the implementation of the decision the system monitors the implementation of the decision (AFDD 1)

31. 31 Command & Control (C2) C2 includes the battlespace management process of planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces & operationsC2 includes the battlespace management process of planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces & operations Accomplished across the entire range of military operationsAccomplished across the entire range of military operations

32. 32 Levels of Air & Space DoctrineLevels of Air & Space Doctrine Functions of Air & Space PowerFunctions of Air & Space Power CounterairCounterair CounterspaceCounterspace CounterlandCounterland CounterseaCountersea Strategic AttackStrategic Attack CounterinformationCounterinformation Command & ControlCommand & Control Interim Summary

33. 33 Airlift The transportation of personnel and material through the air, and can be applied across the entire range of military operations in support of national objectivesThe transportation of personnel and material through the air, and can be applied across the entire range of military operations in support of national objectives AFDD 1

34. 34Airlift Foundation of US national securityFoundation of US national security Vital component of US defense policyVital component of US defense policy Critical support of overall national policy/objectivesCritical support of overall national policy/objectives 3 levels of airlift3 levels of airlift Intertheater (strategic)Intertheater (strategic) Intratheater (theater)Intratheater (theater) Operational supportOperational support

35. 35 3 Levels of Airlift Intertheater (C-5, C-141, C-17)Intertheater (C-5, C-141, C-17) Air bridge linking theaters to CONUS, to other theaters, and within CONUS Air bridge linking theaters to CONUS, to other theaters, and within CONUS Intratheater (C-130)Intratheater (C-130) Air movement of personnel & material within a CINC’s area of responsibility (theater) Air movement of personnel & material within a CINC’s area of responsibility (theater) Operational Support (C-12, C-20, C-21)Operational Support (C-12, C-20, C-21) Timely movement of limited numbers of critical personnel & cargo for the assigned user Timely movement of limited numbers of critical personnel & cargo for the assigned user

36. 36 Air Refueling AFDD 1 The capability to refuel aircraft in flight, which extends presence, increases range, and allows air forces to bypass areas of potential troubleThe capability to refuel aircraft in flight, which extends presence, increases range, and allows air forces to bypass areas of potential trouble

37. 37 Expands employment options by commander by increasingExpands employment options by commander by increasing RangeRange PayloadPayload FlexibilityFlexibility Integral part of US airpower across the range of military operationsIntegral part of US airpower across the range of military operations Essential in the ability to conduct air operations worldwideEssential in the ability to conduct air operations worldwide Air Refueling

38. 38 Air Refueling 5 Basic Modes of Operation Support of nuclear Single Integrated OperationSupport of nuclear Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP) Plan (SIOP) Support of long-range conventional strategicSupport of long-range conventional strategic attack missions attack missions Deployment of air assets to a theaterDeployment of air assets to a theater Support of airlift line of communication or airSupport of airlift line of communication or air bridge bridge Support of combat & combat-support aircraftSupport of combat & combat-support aircraft operating within a theater operating within a theater

39. 39 Spacelift Projects power by delivering satellites, payloads, and material into or through space (AFDD 1)Projects power by delivering satellites, payloads, and material into or through space (AFDD 1) Objective:Objective: Launch or deploy new and replenishment space assets as necessary to achieve national security objectivesLaunch or deploy new and replenishment space assets as necessary to achieve national security objectives Must be flexible, functional, timely and responsive to user’s needsMust be flexible, functional, timely and responsive to user’s needs

40. 40 3 Types of Spacelift Launches Launch to Deploy –Initially achieve a satellite system’s designed operational capability Launch to Sustain –Replace satellites that are predicted that to fail or abruptly fail Launch to Augment –Increase operational capability in response to contingency requirements, crises, or war

41. 41 Special Operations Employment The use of airpower operations to conduct unconventional warfare, direct action, special reconnaissance, counterterrorism, foreign internal defense, psychological operations, and counterproliferation The use of airpower operations to conduct unconventional warfare, direct action, special reconnaissance, counterterrorism, foreign internal defense, psychological operations, and counterproliferation AFDD 1

42. 42 Special Operations Employment Accomplish tasks at all 3 levels of warAccomplish tasks at all 3 levels of war Low-visibility, covert, clandestine opsLow-visibility, covert, clandestine ops Usually conducted in enemy-controlled or politically sensitive territoriesUsually conducted in enemy-controlled or politically sensitive territories Used as means to control escalationUsed as means to control escalation Conventional force use may be undesirableConventional force use may be undesirable Can operate independently from theater commander forcesCan operate independently from theater commander forces Require careful coordination!Require careful coordination!

43. 43 Intelligence Provides clear, brief, relevant, and timely analysis on foreign capabilities and intentions for planning & conducting military operationsProvides clear, brief, relevant, and timely analysis on foreign capabilities and intentions for planning & conducting military operations AFDD 1

44. 44 Intelligence Objective: enable commanders & forces to “know the enemy” and operate smarterObjective: enable commanders & forces to “know the enemy” and operate smarter Provides:Provides: Indications of enemy intentionsIndications of enemy intentions Guides decisions on how, when, & where to engage enemyGuides decisions on how, when, & where to engage enemy Gives commanders:Gives commanders: Best estimate of enemy capabilitiesBest estimate of enemy capabilities COGsCOGs Courses of actionCourses of action

45. 45 The function of systematically observing air, space, surface/subsurface areas, places, persons, or things by visual, aural electronic, photographic or other means Surveillance AFDD 1

46. 46 Surveillance A continuing process!A continuing process! Not oriented toward a specific targetNot oriented toward a specific target Air- & space-based surveillance assets exploit elevationAir- & space-based surveillance assets exploit elevation Detects enemy initiatives at long rangeDetects enemy initiatives at long range

47. 47 Reconnaissance Complements surveillance in obtaining, by visual observation or other detection methods, specific information about the activities & resources of an enemy or potential enemy,Complements surveillance in obtaining, by visual observation or other detection methods, specific information about the activities & resources of an enemy or potential enemy,or Securing data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular areaSecuring data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area AFDD 1

48. 48 Reconnaissance Recce capabilities are valuable across all levels of warRecce capabilities are valuable across all levels of war Possess multiple & diverse capabilitiesPossess multiple & diverse capabilities Recce at one level must consider possible effects on other levelsRecce at one level must consider possible effects on other levels Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance must operate together!Intelligence, Surveillance, & Reconnaissance must operate together!

49. 49 Combat Search & Rescue Air operations conducted to recover distressed personnel during wartime or MOOTWAir operations conducted to recover distressed personnel during wartime or MOOTW Key element in sustaining morale, cohesion, and warfighting capability of friendly forcesKey element in sustaining morale, cohesion, and warfighting capability of friendly forces Denies enemy from potential intel sourcesDenies enemy from potential intel sources Preserves combat resourcesPreserves combat resources

50. 50 Navigation & Positioning Provide accurate location & time of reference in support of strategic, operational, and tactical operations (AFDD 1)Provide accurate location & time of reference in support of strategic, operational, and tactical operations (AFDD 1) Space-based systemsSpace-based systems GPSGPS Air-based systemsAir-based systems Air-to-surface radarAir-to-surface radar Ground-based systemsGround-based systems Navigation aidsNavigation aids

51. 51 Weather Services Supply timely and accurate environment information, including both space environment & atmospheric weather to commanders for their objectives & plans at all levels of warSupply timely and accurate environment information, including both space environment & atmospheric weather to commanders for their objectives & plans at all levels of war AFDD 1

52. 52 Weather Services Gathers, analyzes & provides meteorological dataGathers, analyzes & provides meteorological data Necessary for mission planning & executionNecessary for mission planning & execution Integral in decision-making process & timingIntegral in decision-making process & timing Planning & conducting air, ground & space opsPlanning & conducting air, ground & space ops Influences selection of targets, routes, weapons systems, delivery tacticsInfluences selection of targets, routes, weapons systems, delivery tactics Key element of Information SuperiorityKey element of Information Superiority

53. 53 Levels of Air & Space DoctrineLevels of Air & Space Doctrine Functions of Air & Space PowerFunctions of Air & Space Power CounterairCounterair CounterspaceCounterspace CounterlandCounterland CounterseaCountersea Strategic AttackStrategic Attack CounterinformationCounterinformation Command & ControlCommand & Control Summary

54. 54 Air & Space Functions AirliftAirlift Air RefuelingAir Refueling SpaceliftSpacelift Special Operations EmploymentSpecial Operations Employment IntelligenceIntelligence SurveillanceSurveillance ReconnaissanceReconnaissance Combat Search & RescueCombat Search & Rescue Navigation & PositioningNavigation & Positioning Weather ServicesWeather Services