1. Bony Fish Developed by Adam F Sprague Dave Werner

3. Intro to Chordates (fig. 7.51) Table 7.1 dorsal hollow nerve cord notochord (dorsal, elastic supporting rod) paired pharyngeal gill slits post-anal tail

4. Chordates 3 sub-phyla under group Acrania (Protochordata) 1. Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates, Sea Squirts) 2. Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) 3. Subphylum Vertebrata (Vertebrates) – cranium/brain Chordates w/ a backbone, skull, brain, and kidneys

5. Lanelet(amphioxus) & Tunicate

6. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata –class Agnatha (Lampreys) –Class Chondrichthyes (Elamobranchii) –Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes) –Class Amphibia –Class Reptilia –Class Aves –Class Mammalia

7. Classification p.156 (fig.8.1) Kingdom Animalia --Phylum Chordata ----Subphylum Vertebrata –Class Osteichthyes Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-finned fish) Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lobe-finned fish) Subclass Crossopterygii

10. Coelacanth

11. Coelacanth Evolution

12. Characteristics of Fish Gills Backbone (vertebrae) Paired fins Single loop circulation

13. Respiration How do fish breathe?

14. Fish Respiration (fig. 8.17) Water flows over gills as the fish swims - this water is flowing in the opposite of the flow of blood (countercurrent flow). Oxygen diffuses from the water and into the blood Gills are made of thousands of gill filaments When a fish opens its mouth, it "swallows" water, water passes over the gills and then out the gill slits, which are covered by the fish's operculum. You can see the operculum opening and closing.

15. Fish Circulation (fig. 8.15) The fish heart is a single loop circulation which has 2 chambers. Blood flows into the gills, picks up oxygen goes to the body and then returns to the heart.

16. Maintaining Water Balance – HOMEOSTASIS (fig. 8.18) Remember that salt sucks? Salt water fish have a tendency to lose water Fresh water fish have a tendency to gain water (the fish is saltier on the inside) This is why you can't put a saltwater fish in fresh water - it is not adapted to it. Kidneys maintain homeostasis and water balance

17. Osmoregulation Freshwater take in water through body absorption and draw through mouth to breathe. Salt water fish take water through mouth salt leaves through gills and a small amount in urine as Urea.

18. Sensory organs An inner ear is contained in teloests which detects sounds and balance. A lateral line controls impulse detections and low frequencies. This line contains ciliated nerve cells. (Fig. 8.19) Chemoreceptors are used for sensing smell Weberian ossicle: in freshwater fish for special acoustic sensory http://www.britannica.com/eb/article- 9076391/Weberian-apparatushttp://www.britannica.com/eb/article- 9076391/Weberian-apparatus

19. Swim Bladder Controls buoyancy in fish through oxygen filling the bladder or being released. Primitive fish have the bladder attached directly to the gills. Blood carries oxygen to and from the bladder. The deeper a fish goes the more pressure on the bladder. The air becomes more dense in the bladder. Gas is released through a gas duct. What about benthic or deep sea species??? Flounder and other bottom/deep sea dwelling fishes have a reduced bladder.

20. Swim Bladder

21. Fish Reproduction Most fish fertilize their eggs externally Spawning - the process of fertilizing eggs (fish reproduction) Fry = baby fish Broadcast Spawning

22. 2 Types of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) 1. Ray-finned - majority of fish are this type, fins are supported by bony structures called rays. –Teleosts -most advanced form of ray finned fish, symmetrical tales, mobile fins

23. Teleosts Advance dorsal fin is split into two regions; Anterior dorsal fin with spines, posterior dorsal with rays. Pelvic fin is ventrally located below pectoral.

24. 2 Types of Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) 2. Lobe-Finned Fins consist of long, fleshy muscular lobe, supported by a central core of bones Thought to be the ancestors of amphibians Coelacanth Lungfish

25. Fish Adaptations Lateral Line System - Used to detect vibrations, orientate fish in the water. A line of cells running down the side of the fish Gill Cover (Operculum) - covers gills, movement of operculum allows more water to be drawn in Swim Bladder - a gas filled sac that helps the fish maintain buoyancy (sharks do not have swim bladders, they sink when they stop swimming) How do sharks maintain buoyancy w/o a swim bladder???

26. Lateral Line (fig. 8.19)

27. Lateral Line

28. Fins

29. Fin Shape Fin shape and functional diversity in fish (and compared to a shark). Show are: a. sea robin (Dactylopterus volitans): b. catfish (Corydoras aeneus); c. piked dogfish (Squalus acanthias); d. mosquito-fish (Gambusia affinis); e. anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius); f. lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). Barbels – taste and sense food on bottom

30. Locomotion (fig 8.11) Fish move through the water with movements of their tail, here different kinds of fish locomotion are illustrated: A. A crucian carp's fin action for stabilizing and maneuvering. a. Anguilliform locomotion (eel); b. Carangiform locomotion (tuna); c. Ostraciform locomotion (boxfish). The blue area on these fish shows the portion of the body used in locomotion.

31. Do all fishes have scales? No. Many species of fishes lack scales. All the clingfishes (family Gobiesocidae) for example, are scaleless. Their bodies are protected by a thick layer of mucous.clingfishesGobiesocidae

32. Mucous Some species like blennies, don't have scales, but a slimy skin with brown and black spots: see picture below. These spots are of a size which can probably fluctuate according to nervous stimuli (like in squids): if the black spots are enlarged, the skin become darker to conceal itself on the dark sea bottom thus escaping its predators. If the red spots become enlarged its color mimics a brown sandy color...It's for the same reason that fishes have a pale coloured belly: they escape predators coming from below, because they are less visible against the silvered surface of the sea.

33. Scales: 4 types (fig. 8.8) 1.Ganoid: Bony scales found in oldest known species including sturgeon. 2.Cycloid: Simple thin disc lik escales with smooth surface which have circular rings to determine growth. 3.Ctenoid: same as cycloid, but have been found in most advanced teleosts which have posterior spikes from scales. Perch 4. Cosmoid: Similar to placoid scales and probably evolved from the fusion of placoid scales.

34. Ganoid Ganoid scales of the Florida Gar, Lepisosteus platyrhincus. Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum

35. Ctenoid & Cycloid Scales

36. Sturgeon

37. Cycloid Cycloid scales of Jungle Perch, Kuhlia rupestris. Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum

38. Cycloid Rainbow Trout on lower left

39. Ctenoid Dried scale of a Barramundi showing the growth rings, or annuli Barramundi Ctenoid scales of the Paradise Fish, Macropodus opercularis. Photo: S. Lindsay © Australian Museum

40. Ctenoid Scales Sole & Sea Perch

41. Cosmoid Cosmoid scales of the Queensland Lungfish. Photo: C. Bento © Australian Museum Queensland Lungfish

42. Red muscles Game fish have large amounts of red muscles which contain more blood vessels = more energy and O 2. Red muscles produce greater heat energy b/c separate smaller blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to muscles and not dorsal aorta. The blood vessels are close to the veins which are 10 degrees warmer, thus heating the blood, producing more power.

43. Red Muscle - Myomeres

45. Body Design (fig. 8.9) Fish possess a dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior symmetry Fish are attenuated, compressed, depressed, or fusiform in shape

46. Attenuated Snake-like “THE FREAK SENIOR” and his lovely wife

47. Depressed Dorsoventrally Flattened

48. Laterally Compressed Squished – side to side

49. Fusiform Torpedo Shaped = very fast

50. Guess Who??? What species & shape???

51. Guess Who??? What species & shape??? Male or Female? Why?

52. Guess Who??? What species & shape???

53. Guess Who??? What species & shape??? Left or Right Handed???

54. Guess Who??? What species & shape??? Left or Right Handed???

55. Guess Who??? What species & shape??? Left or Right Handed???

56. Guess Who??? What species & shape???

57. Who am I??? The Freak in his past life without his killers Stephen and Erin…

58. Cryptic coloration (fig 8.10a) a pattern of pigmentation that allows an organism to blend into the background of its preferred habitat.

59. Disruptive Coloration(fig.8.28, 14.30) Color stripes, bars, or spots

60. Warning Coloration(fig.8.10c) Dangerous, poisonous, or taste bad

61. Countershading Dark top, light bottom

62. Symbiotic Relationships 1.Several species of small bony fishes, such as the cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus), are "cleaners" that eat debris and parasites from the skin and scales of larger fishes.

63. Symbiotic Relationships 2.Remoras (family Echeneidae) commonly attach themselves to sharks or other large fishes, whales, and sea turtles using a modified dorsal fin. They eat scraps left over from the meals of their hosts. They may eat parasites as well.

64. Symbiotic Relationships 3.Some bony fishes have symbiotic relationships with nonfish species. Clownfishes (family Pomacentridae) live unharmed among the venomous tentacles of sea anemones, which protect the clownfish from potential predators

65. Commensalism a situation in which two organisms are associated in a relationship in which one benefits from the relationship and the other is not affected much. The two animals are called commensals. The word derives from the Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table. + and 0 = Commensalism.

66. Mutualism + and + = Mutualism. Both species benefit by the interaction between the two species. Examples??? Cleaner Shrimp Video

67. Parasitism When one organism, usually physically smaller of the two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is harmed.parasitehost + and - = One species benefits from the interaction and the other is adversely affected. Examples are predation, parasitism, and disease. Examples???