1. Business Cycle Is the economy getting better or worse?

2. Micro vs. Macro Microeconomics: The study of personal, or small finances. – Individuals, families, or businesses Macroeconomics: The study of economic systems on a large scale – National or global economies

3. Gross Domestic Product Definition: The total value, in dollars, of all final goods and services produced within the nation each year. Abbreviated as the GDP

4. Goods Intermediate goods- Goods used to create final goods (rubber, steel and wood) These are not counted because economists do not want double count. So GDP calculates the final goods

5. Exclusions Purely financial transactions- buying or selling stocks Secondhand sales- ex: selling a used car

6. Two approaches Income approach- calculates GDP by examining all the money spent on final goods and services. Four categories: Wages to employees- (largest share) Rents (property) Interest-households receive on CDS savings accounts Profits0both households and corportions

7. Expenditures Approach (monetary amount to buy goods/services) Adding all the spending on goods and services in 1 year C+I+G+X=GDP expenditures C- Personal Consumption-spending by households I- Gross Investments- capital investments G- Government- spending by govt X- All money spent on exports minus imports

8. What Does the GDP Tell Us? If the GDP is larger than last year the economy is expanding (getting bigger) If the GDP is smaller, the economy is shrinking (Getting smaller)

9. GDP Shortcomings Nonmarket transactions- transactions with no paper trails ex: working on your home Underground economy- Black market or illegal or unreported activities

10. Business Cycle The Business Cycle allows people to understand the direction the economy (GDP) is going (growing or shrinking) and plan accordingly. The economy follows the Business Cycle regularly

11. Phases of the Business Cycle Expansion (Growing) Peak (Top) Contraction (Shrinking) Trough (Bottom)

13. Expansion During a period of expansion: – Wages increase – People are optimistic and spending money – High demand for goods – Businesses start – Easy to get a bank loan – Businesses make profits and stock prices increase

14. Peak When the economic cycle peaks: – The economy stops growing (reached the top) – GDP reaches maximum – Cycle begins to contract – Business can’t produce any more or hire more people

15. Contraction During a period of contraction: – Businesses cut back production and layoff people – Wages decrease – Unemployment increases/# of jobs decrease – People are pessimistic and stop spending $ – Banks decrease loans given

16. Do Now Please answer the following questions in your notes: 1) What are the differences between microeconomics and macroeconomics? 2) Describe what the GDP measures 3) What are the four phases of the business cycle?

17. Trough Economy “bottoms-out” (reaches lowest point) Stocks prices drop High unemployment and low spending

18. Recession/Depression A prolonged contraction is called a recession (contraction for over 6 months) A recession of more than one year is called a depression

19. What keeps the business cycle going? 1) Business Investment -When the economy is expanding, sales and profits keep rising, so companies invest in equipment new plants=more jobs and expansion. In contraction, the opposite is true.

20. 2) Interest Rates and Credit -Low interest rates, companies make new investments, add more jobs. High interest rates invest dries up and less job growth -3) Consumer Expectations -Forecasts of expanding economy=more spending -Fear of recession=decrease in consumer spending

21. 4) External Shocks - Such as disruptions of the oil supply, wars, or natural disasters greatly influence the output of the economy. Ex: 9/11

22. Who Cares????? Why should you care about the business cycle and economy?

23. “Don’t quit that job!” If the economy is going into a contraction, jobs will become more scarce. If you quit, you may not find another job!

24. “Should I make a big purchase?” Only if you know that you won’t lose your job in a contraction. So, buy your house during an expansion. HOWEVER When the economy starts to slow down (contraction), interest rates will decrease. Wait to buy a house until the rates drop to a low point if you are sure that you won’t lose your job.

25. Quick Review! What phase of the business cycle do wages go up? What phase of the business cycle do wages go down?

26. Review Cont. When are wages at their highest? When are wages at their lowest?

27. Recessions in U.S. History Please answer the following questions for each recession (6) in the readings: 1) Describe what happened 2)What was the peak unemployment rate (%) 3) Describe what the Real GDP was during that time 4) The length and severity of the recession 5) How did it end? 6) Any other interesting facts