1. Kingdom Monera What are PROKARYOTES? TEM of dividing cell No nucleus No chloroplasts No mitochondria They are ancient life forms known as bacteria Two major clades of bacteria Archaebacteria & Eubacteria Methanogens Extreme Thermophiles Extreme Halophiles Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria (Blue-green algae) & other Gram negative bacteria Gram positive bacteria

2. Prokaryotes Lack Organelles (w/ 2 membranes) No nucleus No chloroplasts No mitochondria Other constituents? Cell walls; Storage molecules for N, P, C Gas vacuoles; Small ribosomes (70S) for protein synthesis but have DNA & RNA but have pigments, thylakoids & enzymes for PS but have respiratory chain & membranes

3. Geoclock Origin of life

4. Cyanophytes established early aerobic environments. Evolution of advanced aerobes “Primordial ANAEROBIC soup” 2 H 2 O + CO 2 2 H 2 O + CO 2  2 O 2 + CH 2 O + H 2 O

5. MYAERAPERIOD DOMINANT LIFE FORM 2Quaternary Age of angiosperms 65CenozoicTertiary 150Cretaceous Rise of angiosperms 200Jurassic Age of cycads 250MesozoicTriassic Rise of cycadophytes 300Permian Rise of conifers 350Carboniferous Age of lycopods, ferns, sphenopsids; Rise of mosses 400Devonian Age of vascular plants; 1st seed plants 450Silurian 1st vascular plants 500Ordovician Age of eukaryotic algae 600Cambrian Rise of eukaryotic algae and fungi 4500Precambrian Rise of prokaryotes More conventional geologic time table

6. Bacteria that are: Photosynthetic (convert light energy to food) Produce O 2 as a byproduct of photosynthesis Some have capacity to fix N 2 into NH 4 Some produce toxins Some have formed millions of years old stromatolites as living structures Division Cyanophyta TEM of dividing cell Cyanophytes have changed the path of evolution on earth

7. General features - defining characteristics Developmental lineages – using morphology to understand evolution Ecology – understanding roles in interacting with other species Evolution – diversity and change over time Commercial interests – exploit ecology Things we will cover

8. General features 150 genera 2000 species, Habitats: virtually everywhere OceansFreshwater SoilHotsprings Epiphytes Gram negative bacteria Morphological Range: Endophytes Cell Walls: Ancient organisms but well suited to earth’s habitats Unicells to complex multicell organisms Trichodesmium blooms can cover 2x10 6 km 2 and be seen via satellites NASA

9. Diversity

10. Being comprised of only 20% peptidoglycan, the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is much thinner than Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have two unique regions which surround the outer plasma membrane: i) periplasmic space and ii) lipopolysaccharide layer. periplasmic space separates the outer plasma membrane from the peptido- glycan layer. lipopolysaccharide layer is adjacent to the exterior peptidoglycan layer Cell Walls

11. Pigments - photosynthesis General features Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a Phycobilins Phycobilins Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Others Carotenoids Carotenoids UV absorbing molecules UV absorbing molecules Storage Products Growth

12. Photosynthesis & Pigments Chl a Phycobilins sunlight Light energy is harvested by the cell Cell thylakoids Only specific colors are absorbed Other colors are reflected back to your eye Other colors are reflected back to your eye

13. C hlorophyll a Phytol Chain Tetrapyrrole Ring

14. Phycobilins Open tetrapyrrole phycocyanin phycoerythrin

15. Photosynthesis & Pigments Chlorophyll a Arrangement of light Arrangement of light harvesting structure is specific and detailed

16. Pigments - photosynthesis General features Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a Phycobilins Phycobilins Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Others Carotenoids Carotenoids UV absorbing molecules UV absorbing molecules Storage Products Starch (C) Starch (C) Cyanophycin (N) Cyanophycin (N) Poly P i bodies Poly P i bodies Growth

17. Storage products ATP Starch C = black O = red H = white C = green = blue = blue H = red = white = white P = purple

18. Cell walls ? Storage molecules for N, P, C ? Floatation? Small ribosomes (70S) DNA & RNA Pigments, thylakoids & enzymes for PS Respiratory chain & membranes General features What is in a typical cyanophyte cell?

19. Pigments - photosynthesis General features Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll a Phycobilins Phycobilins Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Others Carotenoids Carotenoids UV absorbing molecules UV absorbing molecules Storage Products Starch (C) Starch (C) Cyanophycin (N) Cyanophycin (N) Poly P i bodies Poly P i bodies Growth Every cell can  Every cell can  True branching True branching False branching False branching Multicellular organisms: Multicellular organisms: Fragments regrow “Spores” “Spores” regrow Akinetes germinate Branching Branching

20. Growth & morphology Binary Fission (cell division) Produces genetically identical “offspring” or twins Increases the numbers of cells in the population by exponential growth, 2 n Cell division for unicells Cell division for unicells:   1 1 1 1 4 1 2  8  16 cells Divisions may be every 15 to 20 min

21. Growth & morphology Unicell populations grow rapidly Starting with 1 cell: 10 rounds of division  1,000 + cells It’s not unusual to have 10 6 to 10 8 cells / mL in “blooms” It’s not unusual to have 10 6 to 10 8 cells / mL in “blooms” Cyanotech ponds

22. Developmental lineages Evaluate adult form to gain insight in possible evolutionary processes. Step-by-step acquisition of new traits via genetic change. Examine reproductive cells and other characters as additional data. Useful means to construct evolutionary hypotheses to test with molecular data.

23. Growth & morphology Order Chroococcales Evolution has taken a simple shape Developmental Lineage #1 to more complex but related forms to more complex but related forms: Multicellular genera Multicellular genera All cells appear virtually identical - internally Genetic change

24. Order Chroococcales Merismopedia Diversity Microcystis

25. Growth & morphology Coordinated binary fission of all cells in colony 1 colony 2 colonies Multicellular organisms divide but increase the number of entities in the population 

26. Growth & morphology Order Chamaesiphonales Developmental Lineage #2 Evolution has taken a simple shape: attachment to the substrate attachment to the substrate spores released from upper end of cell spores released from upper end of cell

27. Growth & morphology Evolution has taken a simple shape: constrained cells into chains constrained cells into chains formed arrays of trichome(s) in sheaths formed arrays of trichome(s) in sheaths trichome (no sheath evident) trichome + sheath (filament) Developmental Lineage #3 Order Nostocales trichomes + sheath false branching can result

28. Diversity Order Nostocales

29. Growth & morphology Order Nostocales False branching 1. Rupture of sheath and cells : 2. Remaining cells at both ends continue to grow 3. Both trichomes push through weakened sheath What to look for? Is there a change in the plane of cell division?

30. New Cell Types Nitrogen fixation supports protein synthesis 1. Low N in environment 2. Cell differentiates as a specialized cell, the heterocyst 3. Creates setting for Nitrogenase enzyme 4. Enzyme converts N 2  NH 4 + polar heterocysts Order Nostocales

31. Growth & morphology Order Nostocales Nitrogen fixation & Azolla in rice fields replace fertilizers 1. Low N in environment 2. Heterocysts differentiate 3. Enzyme converts N 2  NH 4 + 4. Water fern benefits from fertilizer intercalary heterocysts 5. Rice fields are more productive

32. Other cell types Order Nostocales Akinete Anabaena

33. Cool stuff

34. Growth & morphology Developmental Lineage #4 Order Stigonematales Evolution has taken a simple shape: formed arrays of cells that divide in 2 directions (planes) formed arrays of cells that divide in 2 directions (planes) True branching Multiseriate tissues

35. Growth & morphology Order Stigonematales True branching 1. No rupture of sheath or cells : 2. Cells divide in two planes 3. Create new structures, branches What to look for? Is there a change in the plane of cell division?

36. Growth & morphology Complex tissue Order Stigonematales Multicellular Multicellular Organized multiseriate layers Organized multiseriate layers Cell dimorphism Cell dimorphism

37. Vocabulary prokaryote thylakoidchloroplast mitochondrion eukaryote heterocystakinete multiseriate phycobilins phycobilisome binary fission nucleus trichomesheath false branching nitrogenase Azolla Anabaena uniseriate accessory pigment true branching photosynthesis Lyngbya Stigonema

38. Who am I?

39. National Geographic: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/world/0010/bacteria/bacteria.html An underworld of hydrogen sulfide harbors life-forms awesome and awful: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0105/feature4/index.html Margulis, L. (1970). Origin of eukaryotic cells. Yale University Press, New Haven. Scientific American Extremophiles: http://www.spaceref.com/redirect.html?id=0&url=www.sciam.com/0497issue/0497marrs.html Mereschowsky, C., (1910). Theorie der zwei Plasmaarten als Grundlage der Symbiogenesis, einer neuen Lehre von der Entstehung der Organismen., Biol. Centr. 30, 353-367, 1910. Mereschowsky, C., (1905). Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche., Biol. Centr. 25, 593-604 & 689-691. NASA interactive page http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/_global/shockwave/g3_matgallery.swf Powers of ten interactive page: http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/index.html http://microscopy.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/ Reading & Viewing Viewing

40. http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htmhttp://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm Saratoga Springs NY http://www.petrifiedseagardens.org/main.htm http://www.nhm.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/english/gruppe_liste_e.htm http://www.lalanet.gr.jp/nsm/E-stromatolite.html http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/goals/index.html http://www.rockhounds.com/grandhttp://www.rockhounds.com/grand_hikes/hikes/stromatolites_in_the_hakatai / http://www.rockhounds.com/grand http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/sepm/palaios/9810/knoll.html http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/ Picture credits