1. Industrialization in Europe A social and economic revolution in European life.

2. Iron and Coal  The extraction and refinement of coal and iron in the early 19 th century made new industrial production possible.  Iron was the best metal for making machinery  Coal was the best power source in light of reduced availability of timber.  The puddling process used coke to create better quality iron.  Britain had significant coal and iron deposits.

5. The Steam Engine  The steam engine had been used in mining since the middle 18 th century.  More efficient steam engines expanded the use of steam power.  Steam power was an essential part of the blast furnace for iron smelting.  James Watt increased the efficiency and design of steam engines, making them feasible for use in transportation,

6. Transportation  Road and canal building in Great Britain and on the continent in the early 19 th century was a major government expenditure and undertaking.  Roads and canals linked the coal and iron fields with ports and manufacturing centers, allowing the materials to be processed.

8. Railroads  The development of steam engines and better quality iron led to the development of railroads.  George Stephenson was the first to produce an economically viable locomotive in 1825.  Railroads soon spread across Britain and Europe.  By 1870, European railroad mileage totaled almost 900,000 miles

10. Effects of the Wars  Britain’s lead in industrialization increased in the period between 1789 and 1815.  Britain’s insular position and connections to the rest of the world continued the industrial process, while chaos on the continent slowed it.  The debt and change of the post-war years led to a slow return to economic growth.

11. Industrialization spreads  In the years after 1815, industrialization spread more extensively to the continent.  This was seen primarily in Belgium, Western Germany, Northern France and the Netherlands.  This was due to the availability of natural resources, trade networks, and new free market policies that developed during the Revolution and Napoleonic periods.

14. Social Effects of Industrialization  The movement of weaving and other industries to factories changed the economic and social landscape.  Production occurred on a massive scale and led to the mass migration of people to cities.  Differentiation (in division of labor, class, or government) had a significant impact on social relationships.

15. The Family  Family roles changed due to the changes occurring and varied among classes.  More women and children were found in the workplace as the need for unskilled labor rose (leaving skilled men unemployed).  Development of “middle class values” during this period influenced the views of work and of women’s roles in contrast to working class and aristocratic ideas.

16. Standard of Living  Wealth grew dramatically during the early 19 th century, but the middle and upper classes benefited the most.  Living conditions in the factory towns were often deplorable and overcrowded.  Cyclical unemployment kept many families on the brink of starvation.  Even so, standards of living did start to rise by mid-century due to economic stabilization and business reforms.