1. ANGIOSPERMS FLOWERING PLANTS  EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGES  1.Seed production  2.Seed dispersal  3.Broad leafs-loose leaves  4.Root modified for storage  EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGES  1.Seed production  2.Seed dispersal  3.Broad leafs-loose leaves  4.Root modified for storage

2. ANGIOSPERMS VS GYMNOSPERMS  Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm  1.Xylem in abundance1. Mostly tracheids  2.Flowers and fruit2. Naked seed-cone  3.Form pistil for pollen tube3. Grows directly to ovule  4.Triploid endosperm4. Haploid endosperm  5.Have vessels-long narrow5. Have tracheids  6.Leaves lost in cold climates  Angiosperm vs Gymnosperm  1.Xylem in abundance1. Mostly tracheids  2.Flowers and fruit2. Naked seed-cone  3.Form pistil for pollen tube3. Grows directly to ovule  4.Triploid endosperm4. Haploid endosperm  5.Have vessels-long narrow5. Have tracheids  6.Leaves lost in cold climates

3. MONOCOTS  1. Monocotyledones: lilies, grasses, cattails, palms  a. Leaves exhibit parallel veins  b. Flower parts in threes or multiples of 3  c. Embryos have one cotyledon  d. Monocots more often possess swollen underground storage  e. Endosperm usually present in mature monocot  h. Scattered vascular bundles  i. No secondary growth  1. Monocotyledones: lilies, grasses, cattails, palms  a. Leaves exhibit parallel veins  b. Flower parts in threes or multiples of 3  c. Embryos have one cotyledon  d. Monocots more often possess swollen underground storage  e. Endosperm usually present in mature monocot  h. Scattered vascular bundles  i. No secondary growth

4. FLOWERS  A. Corolla- petals  1. Composed of petals  2. Functions to attract pollinators to flower  B. Calyx  1. Composed of sepals  2. Similarities in leaves and sepals, share common evolutionary origin  a. Pattern of veins  b. Coloration and form   C. Carpel-traditionally called pistil(female)  1. Primitive plants have leaf like carpels  2.Slender style between ovary and receptive stigma  3.Ovary  a. Megasporangium(2N)  b. Meiosis produces megaspores  c. Develop into ovules  1. 2 polar nuclei(2N total)  2. 1 egg nuclei(N)  A. Corolla- petals  1. Composed of petals  2. Functions to attract pollinators to flower  B. Calyx  1. Composed of sepals  2. Similarities in leaves and sepals, share common evolutionary origin  a. Pattern of veins  b. Coloration and form   C. Carpel-traditionally called pistil(female)  1. Primitive plants have leaf like carpels  2.Slender style between ovary and receptive stigma  3.Ovary  a. Megasporangium(2N)  b. Meiosis produces megaspores  c. Develop into ovules  1. 2 polar nuclei(2N total)  2. 1 egg nuclei(N)

5.  D.Stamen(male)  1. Composed of filament plus anther  2. Pollen produced in and matures in anthers  3 Anther contains microsporangia or pollen sacs  a. Microspore mother cells produce microspores-develop into pollen grains  b. Mature microgametophytes  1.Two are sperm nuclei  2. Third is tube nucleus that grows into pollen tube  3.Pollen carried by numerous animals   E.Enhanced by various reward systems like nectar from nectaries F.Evolution of floral characteristics associated with pollination  D.Stamen(male)  1. Composed of filament plus anther  2. Pollen produced in and matures in anthers  3 Anther contains microsporangia or pollen sacs  a. Microspore mother cells produce microspores-develop into pollen grains  b. Mature microgametophytes  1.Two are sperm nuclei  2. Third is tube nucleus that grows into pollen tube  3.Pollen carried by numerous animals   E.Enhanced by various reward systems like nectar from nectaries F.Evolution of floral characteristics associated with pollination

6. DICOT  Dicotyledones: trees, shrubs, snapdragons, mints  a. Leaves exhibit netlike veins  b.Flower parts in fours or five's or multiples  c.Embryos have two cotyledon-starch and food source for embryo  d.No endosperm in mature seed  e.Concentrated vascular tissue  f.Cambium provides secondary growth  Dicotyledones: trees, shrubs, snapdragons, mints  a. Leaves exhibit netlike veins  b.Flower parts in fours or five's or multiples  c.Embryos have two cotyledon-starch and food source for embryo  d.No endosperm in mature seed  e.Concentrated vascular tissue  f.Cambium provides secondary growth