1. Plant Kingdom

2. General Characteristics
- Undergo photosynthesis
- Cell wall
- Chlorophyll
- Longest living organisms on Earth
- 2 stages of life
2 Types of Plants
1. Nonvascular
2. Vascular
- No specialized tissues for transport
Nonvascular Plant
- Smaller in size
- Rely on diffusion for water and nutrients

3. - Has specialized tissues for transport
Vascular Plants
- Has specialized tissues for transport
- Composed of systems: Root, Stem, Leaves
3 Types of Vascular Plants
1. Seedless
2. Gymnosperm
3. Angiosperm

4. Seedless
- Contain a vascular system but produce no seeds
Gymnosperm
- Do NOT produce flowers
- Usually woody (Ex: Trees)
- Needle-like leaves
Angiosperm
- Produces flowers and fruit
- Seeds are contained within fruit
2 Types of Angiosperms
1. Monocots
2. Dicots

5. Cotyledon
- Seed leaf
Monocots
- Leaves with parallel veins
- Flower parts in threes
- Bundles of vascular tissue are scattered
- One cotyledon
Dicot
- Leaves with branching veins
- Flower parts in fours or fives
- Bundles of vascular tissue in rings
- Two cotyledons

7. Reproduction of Flowering Plants

8. - Flowers are adapted for sexual reproduction
Pollination
- Plant fertilization
- Occurs within flowers
- Pollen catches on stigma
- Tube grows through style to the ovules
- Sperm fuses with egg to create new plant
From Flower to Plant
- After fertilization, ovule develops into a seed
- Ovary develops into a fruit
- Fruit swells and ripens
- Some animals eat fruit and spread seeds

10. From Seed to Plant
- Some seeds become dormant
- Germination occurs when seed is planted in a suitable environment
Germination
- Sprouting of a seed

11. Alternation of Generations
- Plant life cycles are complex
Gametophyte
- Phase when sex cells are produced
- Fertilization occurs with sperm and egg
Sporophyte
- Phase when spores are produced
- Sperm fertilizes a spore

13. Asexual Methods of Reproduction
1. Plantlets
2. Tubers
3. Runners
Plantlets
- Tiny plants grow along edge of leaves
- Falls off and begins growing on its own
Tubers
- Underground stems develop
- Produces new plants
Runners
- Above-ground stems develop
- New plants develop called runners

14. Seed Plant Structure

15. 2 Types of Vascular Tissue
1. Xylem
2. Phloem
Xylem
- Transports water and minerals
Phloem
- Transports food
3 Main Functions of Roots
1. Absorb water and minerals from soil
2. Keep plants secure in ground
3. Store extra food

17. 3 Main Functions of Stems
1. Support the plant body
2. Transport materials
3. Store extra materials
- Soft, thin, and flexible
Herbaceous Stem
Woody Stem
- Rigid, made of wood and bark
Leaves
- Main function is to produce food
Cuticle
- Outer covering
- Prevents water loss

18. Stomata
- Tiny openings on leaves
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
Epidermis
- Layer right inside of cuticle
- Allow light to pass through
- Under the upper epidermis
Palisade Layer
- Where the majority of photosynthesis occurs
Spongy Layer
- Below the palisade layer
- Provides space for gases to flow freely
- Contains xylem and phloem

20. Flowers
Sepal
- Modified leaves
- Protects the flower bud
Petal
- Brightly colored leaf-shape
- Attracts animals
Stamen
- Male reproductive structure
- Composed of a filament and anther
- Anther contains pollen
Pollen
- Male sex cells
- Contain sperm

21. Pistil
- Female reproductive structure
- Composed of a stigma, style, and ovary
- Catches pollen for fertilization
Ovary
- Contains ovule and eggs
- Ovary and ovule develop into fruit and seeds