1. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Section 6 Dendrology: The Scientific Study of Trees

2. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 19 Classification and Anatomy of Trees

3. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Highlights  List North American tree groups by leaf structure  Distinction between anatomy and physiology  Basic structures of plant cell  Description of tissue systems of tree  External parts of tree leaf  Significance of xylem tissue

4. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Highlights (Continued)  Angiosperm versus gymnosperm seed production  Importance of meristem tissue  Basic structure of tree root  Basic parts of flower

5. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dendrology  The scientific study of trees is known as Dendrology  Anatomy: study that examines structure of an organism  Arrangement and relationship of organs/parts to other organs  Physiology: the branch of biology that deals with the life functions and processes of living organisms

6. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissue Systems of Tree  Tissue systems perform specialized functions  Ground tissue system: much of material in plant leaves, roots, stems, fruit  Vascular tissue system: moves nutrients  Dermal tissue system: protects against loss of fluids  Meristem tissue: rapidly dividing, causes plants to grow

7. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tissue Systems of Tree (Continued)  Organ: several tissues that function as single unit  Vegetative organs  Reproductive organs

8. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ground Tissue  The ground tissue system makes up much of the material in plant leaves, roots, stems, and fruits  Ground tissue consists of specialized cells:  Parenchyma: thin loosely packed cells form spongy tissues with air spaces in-between the cells

9. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ground Tissue (Continued)  Collenchyma: Thick cell walls that add strength to plant stems and stalks  Sclerenchyma: strengthens tissues by adding fibers; some barks, nuts and seed shells are examples

10. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Vascular Tissue  Xylem: water-conducting woody tissue carrying nutrients from roots to stems to leaves  Important components of xylem:  Tracheids and vessel elements, once dead and hollow  End-to-end vessels: more efficient than tracheids  Vessel element: A hollow tube where nutrients pass

11. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Vascular Tissue (Continued)  Phloem: vascular tissue consisting of sieve elements and tubes  Sugars flow from high concentration to low concentration

12. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Plant Tissues

13. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dermal Tissue System  Dermal tissues protect plants from loss of fluids and keep harmful microorganisms out of the cells  Epidermis: protective outer layer of cells of leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots  Cuticle: The waxy material covering plants  Cork: Specialized cells in woody stems and roots contain a waxy substance that prevent water loss

14. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Dermal Tissue (Continued)  Meristem: rapidly dividing mass of cells that causes plants to grow  Apical meristems: at ends of branches, twigs, roots  Cambium layer: between phloem and xylem layers of roots and stems  Cell division increases diameter of stem or root  Forms vascular rays that transport materials across woody section of stem

15. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. External Parts of Tree Leaf  Petiole: point of attachment to tree  Vascular tissues for transporting nutrients to leaf cells  Blade  Midrib: gives shape, distributes nutrients  Spines: function like midrib  Veins: distribute material to and from leaf cells  Margin: useful for tree identification

16. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Taproots and Fibrous Roots  Trees have either a taproot system or a fibrous root system  A taproot system has a primary root that grows much larger and deeper than the other roots  A fibrous root system does not have a large dominant root  Primary root branches out just below the soil surface and the main roots are near the same size

17. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Taproots and Fibrous Roots (Continued)  Many trees have taproots during the seedling stage, but in some species, the taproot gives way to a fibrous root system as the tree matures

18. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Root Systems

19. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of Tree Root  Plant roots: specialized organs that anchor trees in soil and transport nutrients and water into plant  Root cap: specialized cells at root tip that protect root tissue  Region of elongation: new cells deposited, accounts for primary lengthwise growth

20. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of Tree Root (Continued)  Mature root cells develop primary specialized tissues  Mycorrhizae fungi that attach to a plant’s roots, dissolve nutrients making it available to the plant

21. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Primary Root Tissues  Epidermis: protects root, absorbs water and nutrients, includes root hairs  Cortex: loosely arranged parenchyma cells in interior of root in which sugars and starches are stored  Vascular cylinder: outer layer, pericycle, extends primary root tissue

22. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Secondary Root Tissues  Secondary tissues develop from meristem tissue, or vascular cambium, and provide secondary growth  Secondary xylem and secondary phloem add thickness  Cork tissue, produced from cork cambium, replaces sloughed epidermis

23. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Parts of Flower  Female flower parts constitute pistil  Stigma: pollen receptor  Ovary: produces egg cell; seed forms in ovule  Style: connects stigma to ovary  Male flower parts compose stamen  Anther: pollen grains develop here

24. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Basic Parts of Flower (Continued)  Filament: connects anther to receptacle or base of flower  Petals: color attracts pollinators  Sepals: leaflike, protects flower

25. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of a Flower

26. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Tree Types  Gymnosperms bear seeds in cones  Pines, spruces, cedars  Slow movement of dissolved plant materials through tracheid cells  Angiosperms produce seeds inside ovary, or fruit  Plant materials transported rapidly through tracheid and vessel elements

27. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Leaf-Structure Tree Identification  Scale-leaf conifers  Leaves like tiny overlapping scales

28. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Leaf-Structure Tree Identification (Continued)  Untoothed simple leaves  Single blade, smooth margin

29. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Leaf-Structure Tree Identification (Continued)  Needle-leaf conifers  Leaves narrow and long

30. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Leaf-Structure Tree Identification (Continued)  Toothed Simple Leaves  Single lobe with a serrated leaf margin

31. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lobed Simple

32. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Compound Leaves  A compound leaf has two or more leaf blades coming from a common point of attachment on the branch or twig  There are three varieties of compound leaves  Pinnately  Bipinnately  Palmately

33. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pinnately

34. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bipinnately

35. ©2013 Delmar Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Palmately