1. Chapter 22: Plant Diversity
CHAPTERS 22, 23, and 24 PLANTS
Chapter 22:
Plant Diversity

2. Question of the Day APR 28 EOC REVIEW
The first plants evolved from
A. Red algae
B. Green algae
C. Brown algae
D. Golden algae

3. AGENDA APR 28 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check
Objectives: Describe what plants need to survive.
Explain the life cycle of a bryophyte.
1. EOC REVIEW
2. Chapter 21 FUNGI Homework Check
3. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity
4. Review and Homework

4. 22-1 Intro to Plants Plants are multicellular eukaryotes.
Cells walls made of cellulose.
Multicellular embryos.
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a and b

5. Life Cycle and Survival
Sporophyte – diploid phase (2N)
Spore producing plant
Gametophyte – haploid phase (N)
produces gametes
Basic Needs
Sunlight, Water, Minerals, Gas Exchange
Movement of Water and Nutrients

6. EOC REVIEW DO NOW Apr 29 What is the Cell Cycle?
What are the two main stages of the Cell Cycle?
What events occur during each stage?

7. AGENDA APR 29 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued
Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.
1. EOC REVIEW
2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued
3. Plants Question Packet
4. Review and Homework
Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

8. Overview of Plants First plants evolved from multicellular green algae
Four GROUPS  1. Mosses 2. Ferns
3 Features 3. Conifers 4. Flowering
Water-conducting tissues
Seeds
Flowers

9. 22-2 Bryophytes Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts
Require water for reproduction
No vascular tissues
Water taken in by osmosis
Very low to ground
Rhizoids – root like structures
Long thin cells draw up water and minerals
Gemmae – small, multicellular reproductive structures

10. 22-3 Seedless Vascular Plants
Specialized to conduct water and nutrients through plant
XYLEM – specialized tissue to transport water up the plant made of tracheids.
PHLOEM – tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates.
Both can move materials against the force of gravity.
LIGNIN – makes cell walls rigid
Plants grow upright

11. Ferns, Club Mosses, and Horsetail
Roots – absorb water and minerals
Leaves – photosynthetic organs
Stems – support structures carry water and nutrients
Club Mosses
Horsetails
Ferns

12. 22-4: Seed Plants GYMNOSPERMS – Bear seeds on cones
ANGIOSPERMS – flowering plants bear seeds within tissue.
DO NOT REQUIRE WATER for fertilization
Flowers or cones
Transfer of sperm by pollination
Protection of embryos in seeds

13. Question of the Day APR 30 EOC REVIEW
In fruit flies, red eyes are dominant to white eyes and long wings are dominant to short wings. Cross a fly with white eyes that is heterozygous for long wings with a fly that is heterozygous for both traits. Construct a Punnett Square to determine all of the possible genotypes, phenotypes, and their genotypic and phenotypic ratios. Be organized and neat.

14. AGENDA APR 30 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued
Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.
1. EOC REVIEW
2. Chapter 22 Plant Diversity Continued
3. Plants Question Packet
4. Review and Homework
Packet DUE THURSDAY May 1

15. Mystery of Loch Ness Monster Solved?!?
Why is it very unlikely that the Loch Ness monster is/was a plesiosaur?

16. Reproductive Parts Cones and flowers – seed-bearing sporophyte
structures
Gametophytes live inside
Pollination – transfer of pollen by wind, insects, animals.
Seeds contain embryos
Protection and food supply

17. 22-5: Angiosperms Flowers are reproductive organs.
Contain ovaries – surround and protect seeds
Seeds produced within ovaries
Ovaries mature into fruits
Fruits aid in the dispersion of seeds

18. CHAPTER 23
ROOTS, STEMS, and LEAVES

19. 23-1: Specialized Tissues in Plants
Three Principal Organs of Seed Plants
1. ROOTS – absorbs water and dissolved nutrients
2. STEMS – support system for the plant body
3. LEAVES – main photosynthetic systems

20. Plant Tissue Systems
Dermal tissue – single layer of epidermal “skin” cells
Thick waxy cuticle
protects against water loss and injury
Vascular tissue – transports water and nutrients
Xylem
Phloem
Ground tissue – cells between dermal and vascular
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

21. Growth and Meristematic Tissue
Most plants produce new cells for as long as they live
Indeterminate growth at tips of roots and stems
Meristems responsible for growth
New cells produced in meristematic tissue are not specialized.
What is differentiation?

22. Apical Meristems

23. 23-2 ROOTS Taproot – long thick primary root
Small secondary roots
Fibrous root – large cluster of roots all of the same size.
Mature roots have an epidermis layer (skin), ground tissue, and central vascular tissue.

24. Question of the DAY May 2 Tracheids and vessel elements make up
A. Phloem
B. Meristem
C. Xylem
D. Trichocysts

25. AGENDA MAY 2 1. EOC REVIEW 2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS!
Objectives: Compare the characteristics of different types of plant life.
1. EOC REVIEW
2. Chapter 23: More PLANTS!
3. Plants Question Packet
4. Review and Homework
CHAPTER 23 Packet DUE MONDAY
STUDY YOUR NOTES  PLANTS TEST NEXT WEEK
WEDNESDAY

26. Root Functions 1. Anchor plants to the ground
2. Absorb nutrients and water
Active transport required to take in minerals from soil
Root pressure required to move or push water up through the xylem to other parts of the plant.

27. 22-3 STEMS Three major functions
1. Produce leaves, branches, and flowers.
2. hold leaves up to sunlight
3. transport substances between roots and leaves
Primary Growth – Increase in stem length
Occurs in apical meristem
Secondary Growth – Increase in stem width
Lateral meristem
Occurs in vascular cambium and cork cambium

28. DO NOW Monocots and Dicots
Monocot Stem Dicot Stem
Vascular bundles scattered Arranged in
Throughout stem organized, ringlike
patterns

29. 23-4: Leaves Absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis
Blades – thin flattened sections collect sunlight
Petioles – attach leaves to the stem
Cuticle and epidermal cells
Protection and prevents
evaporation of water

30. Leaf Functions
Photosynthesis occurs in mesophyll - specialized ground tissue.
Stomata – pore-like openings that allow CO2 and O2 into/out of cell.
Guard cells control opening and closing of stomata
Operate in pairs
Located in epidermis
Respond to changes in H2O pressure

31. Guard Cells and Stomata
Stomata open during daytime
Closed at night.
Transpiration – water loss through a plant’s leaves

32. 23-5: Transport in Plants
Water transport requires enough force to move water through xylem
Root pressure
Capillary action
Transpiration
Adhesion – the attraction of water molecules with unlike molecules
H2O forms hydrogen bonds
Capillary action is the attraction of water to the walls of a tube – water climbs higher in thinner tubes

33. Plant Nutrition and Transport

34. AGENDA MAY 5
Objectives: Investigate the forces that allow plants to move water and nutrients.
Describe the basic structure of a flower.
1. Continue notes on Plants
2. All Notes and Study Guides posted on my webpage
3. CHAPTER TEST on WEDNESDAY MAY 7
Chapters 22, 23, and 24
STUDY!!!

35. Transpirational Pull
Water is high = Open Stomata
Excess water lost through transpiration
Water is low = H2O pressure drop
Guard cells close stomata

36. Pressure-Flow Hypothesis
Nutrients pumped into or removed from PHLOEM
Change in concentration of fluid also occurs
Same direction
Nutrients move from a
high concentration SOURCE  low concentration SINK
ROOT  LEAF OR LEAF  ROOT

37. Reproduction of Seed Plants
CHAPTER 24
Reproduction of Seed Plants

38. 24-1 Reproduction with cones and flowers
Alternation of Generations
Sporophyte (2N) alternates with Gametophyte (N)
Gametophytes produce egg and sperm
Form a diploid zygote
Zygote begins a Sporophyte generation
IN SEED PLANTS
Gametophytes hidden within tissues of sporophytes

39. 24-1 Structure of Flowers Four specialized kinds of leaves
Sepals – enclose bud and protect flower
Petals – attract pollinators
Stamens
Pistils or Carpels
Stamen – anther and filament
Anther – place where meiosis occurs  male gametophytes
Pistil or Carpel – produces female gametophytes
Ovaries contain ovules
Stigma is a sticky part where pollen lands

40. Parts of a Flower PAGE 612

41. Parts of a Flower
10:50

42. 24-1 Life Cycles Gymnosperms Angiosperms
Reproduction takes place in cones
Produced by mature sporophytes
Pollen cones are male and Seed cones are female
Angiosperms
Reproduction takes place in the flower
Double fertilization
1. sperm and egg produce zygote  new plant (2N)
2. sperm and two polar nuclei form endosperm (3N)
Food source for seedling as it begins to grow

43. 24-2 Seed and Fruit Development
Following fertilization…
Embryo grows within seed
As seeds mature, ovary walls thicken to form fruit
Fruits are ant seeds that are enclosed within embryo walls.
Applies to fruits and vegetables
Evolutionary change that enables seeds to be consumed