1. GOAL 4 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, CLASSIFICATION, & KINGDOMS OF LIVING THINGS

2. GOAL 4 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

3. What is Behavior?  A behavior is an action or group of actions performed by an animal in response to a stimulus

4. Innate Behavior  One that is performed correctly the first time an animal does it.  The animal does not have to be taught – these behaviors are inborn.  Instinct– more complex behaviors that involve the whole body Ex. Fight or Flight, Birds singing, suckling  Reflex – Quick automatic response to a stimulus Ex. Pulling hand away from hot water  Taxis- animal moving away or toward light

5. Innate Behavior  Migration—the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again. Animals that migrate are birds, butterflies, whales, and sea turtles. This allows them to take advantage of favorable environmental conditions.

6. Innate Behavior  Hibernation-- many reptiles and mammals are active during the warm seasons, but enter a sleeplike state, or dormancy, during cold seasons. This allows them to survive when food may not be available.

7. Innate Behavior  Estivation—when animals enter a state of dormancy similar to hibernation, but it takes place during times of heat and dryness. In this way they are protected from drying out and getting too hot.

8. Learned Behavior  Imprinting – formation of a social attachment to another object at a critical time in its life. Ex. Baby ducks following 1 st moving object

9. Learned Behavior  Habituation –  “getting used” to a stimulus Ex. When moving to a city the noise may bother you at first, but after awhile you will not notice it anymore.

10. Learned Behavior  Classical Conditioning – learning by association Pavlov – worked with dogs – salivation with site of food; ring bell before giving food; eventually leads to salivation with ringing of bell. Ex. Dog that was once sprayed by a skunk will avoid skunks because they remember the spray.

12. Learned Behavior  Trial and Error – receiving a reward for making a particular response (trying over and over until you get it right) Learning to shoot a basketball or ride a bike

13. Learned Behavior  Insight – using previous experience to respond to a new situation Ex. Math problems, puzzles, finding things in other people’s homes

14. Social Behavior  Patterns of behavior that involve other members of one’s species are called social behaviors.

15. Social Behavior  Courtship–an individual sends out stimuli, such as sounds, displays, or chemicals, in order to attract a member of the opposite sex. This helps animals identify healthy mates. Birds will often take part in courtship dances, which can be an intricate series of movements.

16. Social Behavior  Competition and Aggression–these are behaviors that prevent others from using limited resources. These patterns often involve an animal’s territory, a specific area that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals.  Territorial defense is when an animal fights to keep others out of his area, either by intimidation or physical means. Ex: Beta fish  When two or more animals try to claim the same resources, competition occurs.  Aggression is a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another.

17. Social Behavior  Communication–the passing of information from one organism to another. Animals may use visual, sound, touch, or chemical signals to communicate with each other.  Animals with good eyes often use visual signals, those with good hearing use sound signals,  Those with good senses of smell, particularly insects, often use chemical messengers called pheromones. Bees and ants use these signals to leave trails so that other members of their colony can find food.  Language is the most complicated form of communication combining many different types of communication according to set rules about word order and meaning

18. GOAL 4—CLASSIFICATION

19. Classification  Classification is the systematic grouping of organisms based on common characteristics.  The science of identifying, classifying, and naming living things is called TAXONOMY.

20. Classification  Development of Classification  Aristotle and Lamarck – organisms were either classified as plants or as animals.  Linnaeus – developed a hierarchical system and consisted of 7 levels. Kingdom – most broad; contains most organisms Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific; contains least organisms

21. Classification  Domains – modern taxonomists have developed a new taxonomic category that is larger than kingdom.  There are 3 domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea  Eukarya – All eukaryotes; cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.  Bacteria – unicellular bacteria. Prokaryotic and have thick cell walls. Some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic  Archaea Unicellular prokaryotes that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Were once classified as bacteria. DNA is different than bacteria because their cells do not contain peptidoglycan.

22. Classification  Kingdoms of Domain Eukarya  See chart on notes

23. Classification  Using Keys  A dichotomous key consists of several pairs of statements. Based on observations about an organism, a taxonomist chooses one of the statements in the first pair. Each statement leads either to the name of an organism or to another pair of statements. By working through the entire set of statements, a taxonomist can classify an organism.

24. Classification  Acinonyx jubatus

25. TAXONOMY

26. Taxonomy  Bacteria – Prokaryotes  Unicellular organisms  Reproduce asexually through binary fission.  Reproduce sexually through conjugation  Three shapes: Cocci (spherical), Bacilla (rod-like) and Spirilla (spiral)  Antibiotics are used to treat many bacterial diseases.  Many bacteria are helpful: Live in human intestine to aid with digestion Make foods – yogurt and bread  Can cause a wide variety of diseases: Ear infections, strep throat, tuberculosis and whooping cough.

27. Taxonomy  Viruses  Consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein shell.  Much smaller than bacteria.  Exhibit some features of living things, but cannot survive alone – can reproduce only when within living cells.  Vaccines are used to prevent many viral diseases. A vaccine is a mixture of dead and/or weakened viral particles.

28. Taxonomy  Protists  Eukaryotic organisms that cannot be classified as fungi, plants, or animals.  Found everywhere there is water.  Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular.  Some are autotrophic and some are heterotrophic.  All protists conduct asexual reproduction through binary fission, but some are capable of sexual reproduction as well.  Divided into groups according to similarities they share with animals, plants and fungi.  Animal-like Protists: Protozoans Examples: Zooflagellates, Amoeba, Paramecium  Plant-like Protists: Algae Examples: Diatoms, Euglena, Red, Yellow, Brown & Green Algae  Fungus-like Protists: Molds Examples: Plasmodial Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds & Water Molds

29. Taxonomy  Fungi  Multicellular eukaryotes (with exception of yeast which is unicellular)  Decomposers  Have cell walls made of chitin  Made of strands called hyphae; hyphae form masses called mycelia.  Reproduce sexually and form spores.

30. PLANTS & ANIMALS

31.  Nonvascular Plants – mosses, liverworts and hornworts are nonvascular plants. These lack vascular tissue which is a system of tubes that transport food, water and minerals throughout the plant. Water and nutrients travel from cell to cell by osmosis and diffusion. As a result, nonvascular plants are extremely short and are limited to moist habitats. Also called bryophytes. Plants

32.  Vascular Plants – Able to live in a variety of habitats because of vascular tissue. In addition to transporting materials through the plant, vascular tissue provides strength and stability to the plant.  Xylem – carries water from roots to rest of plant  Phloem – carries food (glucose) and nutrients from leaves to rest of plant Plants

33.  Seedless Vascular Plants Reproduce by spores Ex. ferns Plants

34.  Gymnosperms – a seed plant that produces cones. Many gymnosperms have needle-like or scale- like leaves. Male cones produce pollen. Female cones contain ovules. During pollination, pollen falls from a male cone to a female cone and fertilization occurs. The ovule will develop into a seed on the scale of a female cone. When the seed is mature, the scales open up so that the wind can shake the seeds from the cone and carry them away. Ex. Conifers, cycads Plants

35.  Angiosperms – a seed plant that produces flowers. The beautiful colors of flowers depend on the leaflike petals. Within the petals are the flower’s reproductive parts: Male parts = stamen  Anther – top part that produces pollen  Filament – skinny fiber that supports the anther Female parts = pistil  Stigma – sticky tip of the pistil  Style – connects stigma to the ovary  Ovary – contains eggs and protects them as they develop Plants

36.  Pollen can be carried by the wind or by animals that travel from one flower to another. If the pollen lands on the stigma of a similar flower, fertilization can occur. Once fertilization occurs, the ovary changes into a fruit such as an apple or lemon. Angiosperm seeds are dispersed through fruits.

38.  Annelids – invertebrates with long, segmented, narrow bodies without legs. Circulation – closed circulatory system with blood contained in blood vessels. An earthworm’s blood is circulated by a series of blood vessels that surround the segments in the anterior end of the worm – called aortic arches. Digestion – earthworms have two special organs that aid in digestion of their food: Crop – adds moisture to the food and stores it Gizzard – grinds food before entering intestine Reproduction – earthworms are hermaphroditic, but must exchange sperm with another worm. Animals

39.  Arthropods– an organism with a segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages. Insects – arthropods that have three body sections (head, thorax and abdomen), six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pairs of wings. An exoskeleton is a tough outer covering that supports and protects the body and is made of protein and the carbohydrate chitin. Metamorphosis – insects go through incredible changes from egg to adult. Animals

41.  Amphibians – an amphibian is a vertebrate that is ectothermic. One of only vertebrates that undergoes metamorphosis from egg to larva (tadpole) to adult frog. Respiration Larvae obtain oxygen from water passing over gills. Adult amphibians use lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. Gases are also exchanged through the thin, moist skin of adult amphibians. Circulation –three-chambered heart. The three chambered heart is needed because walking on land requires a great deal of energy from food and oxygen for aerobic respiration. Homeostasis – An amphibian is an ectotherm – which means that it is cold-blooded. When a region becomes too hot or too cold for a part of the year, many amphibians become dormant by burrowing into the mud and staying there until suitable conditions return. Animals

42.  Mammals Feeding – mammals have several types of glands that secrete fluids: saliva, sweat, oil, hormones and milk. Mammals feed their young from mammary glands that produce milk rich in fat, sugar and protein. Once mammals can eat solid food, they take advantage of specialized teeth Respiration and Circulation – mammals have a four-chambered heart to ensure a good supply of nutrients and oxygen delivered to cells. Mammals use lungs to breathe. A large muscle called the diaphragm forces air into and out of the lungs. Homeostasis – mammals are endotherms (warm-blooded). Energy required to maintain temperature comes from metabolism. Nervous system – mammals use 5 major senses to gather information: vision, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Animals

43.  Mammals Reproduction Placental Mammals – give birth to young that have developed inside mother’s uterus until body systems are functional. Marsupials – short period of development within mother’s body, after which they continue development in pouch made of hair and skin outside of mother’s body. Monotremes – mammals that lay eggs. Amimals