1. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Chapter 11 Organisms and Ecology of the Soil Head of a bacteria-feeding nermatode. (Sven Boström, Swedish Museum of Natural History)

2. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Diversity of Soil Organisms Size of Organisms –Macrofauna – Moles, Prairie dogs, earthworms, millipeds –Mesofauna – Springtails and Mites –Microfauna – Nematodes and single-celled protozoans –Flora – Plants Roots –Microorganisms – Fungi, Bacteria, and Actinomycetes

3. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Diversity of Soil Organisms Types of Diversity –Species Diversity – The mix of species present –Functional Diversity – The capacity to use a wide variety of substrates and provide a range of ecosystem services.

4. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Diversity of Soil Organisms Ecosystem Dynamics –Functional Redundancy – Several organisms can carry out each ecosystem service. This redundancy leads to ecosystem stability and resilience –Keystone Species – A species that is unique in filling an ecological niche and is therefore integral to the functioning of that system. Global Biodiversity – Great genetic resource of soil organisms.

5. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

6. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.1

7. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.2

8. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.3

9. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

10. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.4

11. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.5

12. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Earthworms Earthworms eat detritus, soil organisms matter, and microorganisms found on these materials. –Probably the most significant macroorganisms in humid temperate region soils –7000 species worldwide –Epigeic – Live in the litter layer. The compost worm (Eisenia foetida) –Endogeic – Live in the top 10-30cm of soil. The pale- pink “red worm” (Allolobophora caliginosa) –Anecic – Live in vertical burrows up to 1 meter deep. The introduced Night Crawler (Lumbricus terrestris)

13. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.6

14. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Soil Aeration by Earthworms

15. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

16. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.9

17. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Termite

18. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.10

19. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.12

20. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Nematode

21. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.13 (a) (b)

22. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.14

23. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Two Microanimals Typically Found in Soils Ciliated protozoan Two species of rotifer

24. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Roots and Rhizosphere

25. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.17

26. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.18

27. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.19

28. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.20

29. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.21 (a) (b)

30. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.22

31. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.23

32. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil The Effect of Phosphorous and Mycorrhizae Treatments

33. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.25

34. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Fungi, Bacteria, and Actinomycetes Fungal Hyphae and rod-shaped bacteria Actinomycete threads

35. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.31

36. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil Figure 11.34

37. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

38. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

39. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil

40. ©2002 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, 13/e Nyle C. Brady and Ray R. Weil