1. Chapter 14 Values and Beliefs Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2. Lesson 14.1 Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3. Objectives  Discuss the impact of personal values and beliefs on everyday life.  Identify values and beliefs commonly found in today’s older adult population.  Discuss how beliefs and values affect the health practices of older adults.  Explain the relationship of values and beliefs to health practices.  Compare the spiritual practices of major religions as they relate to death. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4. Values and Beliefs  Values and beliefs have their origins in the individual’s religion, philosophy, family, culture, and society  Affect all aspects of our lives and play an important role in promoting health and coping with illness  Many experts believe that most of our values are well-established by the time we reach 10 years of age Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4

5. Values and Beliefs (cont.)  People see the world through their own value and belief structure and use this structure as a filter by which they judge other people and events  Misunderstanding and conflict often occur when people with two different or contradictory sets of values interact Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5

6. Common Values and Beliefs of Older Adults Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6

7. Economic Values  Many of today’s older adults were strongly affected by the Depression of the 1930s  They were taught the value of a dollar and to “waste not, want not”  May experience intense feelings of shame if forced to accept charity Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7

8. Economic Values (cont.)  May save or hoard items, even items that present health hazards, because they value saving rather than wasting  May store an excessive number of personal belongings and clutter up their homes until these belongings become a safety hazard  May refuse to see a doctor or wait until they are seriously ill because they are concerned about the cost Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8

9. Audience Response System Question 1 Older adults grew up in a more affluent world and are more likely to value material possession and spend rather than save. A.True B.False Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10. Intrapersonal Values  Many older adults were raised valuing respect and obedience to elders  They often cannot understand why their families do not automatically accept what they say and follow their directions  The more divergent the values of the various family members, the more likely there are to be misunderstandings and conflict Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10

11. Cultural Values  Shared cultural values define an authority structure, establish norms for language and communication, and establish a basis for decision making and lifestyle choices  A heterogeneity of cultures creates a vibrant and dynamic society, but also creates many opportunities for prejudice and misunderstanding Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11

12. Cultural Values (cont.)  Many older adults have lived in this country for years but still identify more with their ethnic group or country of origin than with the dominant society Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 12

13. Spiritual or Religious Values  Spirituality is based on a recognition that there is a relationship between the person and a transcendent supreme being, life force, ultimate reality, or undefined something that is greater than ourselves  These beliefs give meaning to life and to all the positive and negative experiences that occur during a lifetime Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14. Spiritual or Religious Values (cont.)  Many of today’s older adults were raised in an organized religion that played an important role in the formulation of their values and beliefs Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14

15. Residents Attend a Religious Service Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15

16. Audience Response System Question 2 Sociologists have suggested that because the United States is made up of many different and unique peoples mixed together, it should be called a(n): A.upside down cake. B.fruit salad. C.mincemeat pie. D.melted chocolate bar. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16

17. Lesson 14.2 Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 17

18. Objectives  Describe methods of assessing beliefs and values.  Identify older adults who are most at risk for experiencing problems related to values and beliefs.  Identify selected nursing diagnoses related to values or beliefs.  Describe nursing interventions appropriate for older individuals who are experiencing problems related to values or beliefs. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 18

19. Nursing Process for Spiritual Distress Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 19

20. Assessment  What is the person’s cultural background?  Does the person have any specific cultural or religious beliefs related to health?  Is religion or belief in a deity a significant factor in the person’s life?  Does the person attend religious services regularly?  What is the person’s religious denomination, sect, church, etc.? Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 20

21. Assessment (cont.)  Does the person have a preferred spiritual counselor? Does he or she see this person regularly?  Is the person interested in talking to a priest, minister, rabbi, or other spiritual advisor?  What religious books or symbols are meaningful to the person?  Has aging or illness had an impact on the person’s beliefs, values, or spiritual practices? Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 21

22. Nursing Diagnosis  Spiritual distress Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 22

23. Nursing Goals/Outcomes  Identify and verbalize sources of value conflicts  Specify the spiritual assistance desired  Discuss values and beliefs regarding spiritual practices  Express feelings of spiritual comfort Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 23

24. Nursing Interventions  Determine whether there are special spiritual practices and/or restrictions  Identify significant persons who provide spiritual support  Determine whether there is any way that nurses can aid older adults in meeting their spiritual needs  Provide opportunities for the person to express spiritual needs and concerns Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 24

25. Nursing Interventions (cont.)  Determine spiritual objects that have meaning to the person; obtain these objects, if possible  Provide opportunities for spiritual guidance with due respect for privacy  Encourage contact with a spiritual counselor in times of crisis Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 25

26. A Mosque Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 26

27. Audience Response System Question 3 Severe grief can result in questioning of: A.spiritual values. B.family relationships. C.health needs. D.cultural beliefs. Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 27