1. Global Warming Cause for Concern

2. Cause for Concern? What is the effect of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere? Nobody knows for sure

3. Cause for Concern? Scientists are concerned for three reasons: 1.Climate models predict climate change 2.There are observed changes in climate 3.Pre-historic studies show a correlation between atmospheric CO 2 levels and global climate What is Climate?

4. 3. Cause for Concern? Climate models

5. Climate Models What is a computer model of the climate? © Australian Bureau of Meteorology

6. Greenhouse gases (2.5 Wm -2 ) Emitted IR radiation Natural greenhouse heating Input solar radiation (100 %) Reflected by clouds, atmosphere (~23%) Reflected from surface (~8%) Absorbed by ground (~49%) Measured absorption (25%) ~80 Wm -2 ?? Absorbed by atmosphere (20%) ~60 Wm -2 Climate Models

7. What is the output of a climate model?

8. Cause for Concern? Observed Changes in Climate

9. Observed Changes Average surface temperature is difficult to measure

10. Observed changes It is difficult to detect small changes in a long series of data?

11. Observed changes Best estimates

12. Other observations UEA December Press Release 2005 The global combined sea surface temperature (SST) and land surface air temperature anomaly for 2005, with respect to the 1961-1990 average, to the end of November has been +0.48°C. 2005 is currently the second warmest year on record and 2005 is likely to be among the warmest 4 years in the official temperature record since 1861, but final figures will not be released until February. The last 10 years (1996- 2005), with the exception of 1996, are the warmest years on record. The anomaly so far for the Northern Hemisphere is 0.65°C and for the Southern Hemisphere 0.32°C. The current 2005 values for the Northern Hemisphere make it the warmest on record and the current value for the Southern Hemisphere make it the fourth warmest. Table 1.a shows the 10 warmest years using our official figures, for each region. Table 1.b shows the 11 warmest years using simple area averaged data, including the value for January to November 2005, for each region. Out of the past ten years, only 1996 does not fall in the ten warmest – its place is taken by 1995.

13. Other observations UEA December Press Release 2005 The global combined sea surface temperature (SST) and land surface air temperature anomaly for 2005, with respect to the 1961-1990 average, to the end of November has been +0.48°C. 2005 is currently the second warmest year on record and 2005 is likely to be among the warmest 4 years in the official temperature record since 1861, but final figures will not be released until February. The last 10 years (1996-2005), with the exception of 1996, are the warmest years on record. The anomaly so far for the Northern Hemisphere is 0.65°C and for the Southern Hemisphere 0.32°C. The current 2005 values for the Northern Hemisphere make it the warmest on record and the current value for the Southern Hemisphere make it the fourth warmest. Table 1.a shows the 10 warmest years using our official figures, for each region. Table 1.b shows the 11 warmest years using simple area averaged data, including the value for January to November 2005, for each region. Out of the past ten years, only 1996 does not fall in the ten warmest – its place is taken by 1995.

14. Other observations UEA December Press Release 2005

15. Other observations Germany

16. Other observations Argentina

17. Cause for Concern? Prehistoric Studies

18. Pre-Historic studies Bubbles in Artic Ice Minimum Value 180 ppm Maximum Value 300 ppm Ice Ages

19. Atmospheric CO 2 Concentration versus year Current value 370 ppm variation in the last 400,000 years

20. Causes for concern Climate models Observed changes Pre-historic climate studies

21. Carbon dioxide Can we be completely sure that the climate changes we observe are caused by anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide? But it is likely: Not completely sure

22. Climate Models Predictions What do climate models lead us to expect?

23. Climate Models What is the current effect of CO 2 A net extra ‘forcing’ of around 2 watts per square metre… Average 240 W/m 2 On Average 390 W/m 2 150 W/m 2 Average 240 W/m 2 + 2 W/m 2

24. An additional 2 watts per square metre of ‘radiative forcing’ Scientific American March 2004

25. Contributions to Climate Forcing Greenhouse gases Carbon Dioxide Methane Chlorofluorocarbons Nitrous Oxide Ozone Aerosols Black Carbon Reflective aerosols Cloud droplet changes Land cover changes Sun Climate Forcing (W/m 2 ) 0+1

26. Feedback Global Temperature More Evaporation Climate Forcing Increased Climate Forcing Increased Water Vapour Increased Cloud Cover Decreased Climate Forcing Negative Positive

27. The Future… CO 2 levels will rise Very roughly, –If we make a 50% cut in GLOBAL emissions –CO 2 will stabilise at twice historical levels Probably the best we can hope for in the next century.

28. IPCC Predictions…