1. Section III: The Reformation (Pages 328-333) This section is about: This section is about: The desires to change the Roman Catholic Church, how this led to the reformation, and how the reformation spread throughout Europe. The desires to change the Roman Catholic Church, how this led to the reformation, and how the reformation spread throughout Europe. How the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation. How the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation.

2. There’s a big event on page 329 in your book. There’s a big event on page 329 in your book. What’s happening? What’s happening? Who’s the man? Who’s the man? There’s also a picture of a big “meeting” we’ll get to today – on page 332. There’s also a picture of a big “meeting” we’ll get to today – on page 332. What’s that meeting about? What’s that meeting about?

3. The Causes of the Reformation The Reformation is exactly what it says it is: a re-forming – of the Roman Catholic Church. The Reformation is exactly what it says it is: a re-forming – of the Roman Catholic Church. It started in one small part of Europe, but soon spread everywhere. It started in one small part of Europe, but soon spread everywhere.

4. Religious, Social, and Political Factors The Roman Catholic Church was deeply in debt in the 1400’s. The Roman Catholic Church was deeply in debt in the 1400’s. Had to pay for crusader armies, St Peter’s Basilica in Rome - but, they owned huge amounts of land. Had to pay for crusader armies, St Peter’s Basilica in Rome - but, they owned huge amounts of land. They also made some money selling indulgences – even though many believed they were wrong. They also made some money selling indulgences – even though many believed they were wrong. The Renaissance, and ideas of humanism meant people were starting to question this a little more. The Renaissance, and ideas of humanism meant people were starting to question this a little more. People wanted to take care of their own religious matters and not have to depend on the Church People wanted to take care of their own religious matters and not have to depend on the Church

5. The Spread of Knowledge Gutenberg inventing the printing press also made a difference. Gutenberg inventing the printing press also made a difference. People could acquire their own knowledge easier (and express their own opinions about things). People could acquire their own knowledge easier (and express their own opinions about things). Reformers called for people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves Reformers called for people to read and interpret the Bible for themselves

6. The Challenge of Martin Luther On October 31 st, 1517, a man named Martin Luther nailed up his “95 Theses” on a church door in Germany. On October 31 st, 1517, a man named Martin Luther nailed up his “95 Theses” on a church door in Germany. He was originally going to be a lawyer, but then became a monk. He was originally going to be a lawyer, but then became a monk. As a monk, he went to Rome and was shocked at the wealth and importance of the Pope and Priests. As a monk, he went to Rome and was shocked at the wealth and importance of the Pope and Priests. This is the start of A LOT of changes. This is the start of A LOT of changes. He said: God saves sinners through faith and not through prayers, gifts, indulgences, and a religious lifestyle. God saves sinners through faith and not through prayers, gifts, indulgences, and a religious lifestyle. God was more important than human achievements God was more important than human achievements

7. 4 Years later, Luther was ex- communicated. 4 Years later, Luther was ex- communicated. By the 1534 he had translated the Bible into German – the first complete translation from Greek and Hebrew into a European language. By the 1534 he had translated the Bible into German – the first complete translation from Greek and Hebrew into a European language. He encouraged people to read the Bible and find out the truth for themselves. He encouraged people to read the Bible and find out the truth for themselves. He also criticized the abuses of the church, said priests should be able to get married, and encouraged German leaders to take over the church in Germany. He also criticized the abuses of the church, said priests should be able to get married, and encouraged German leaders to take over the church in Germany. People who agreed with him were called Protestants People who agreed with him were called Protestants

8. The Spread of Protestantism After Luther’s Protestants split from the Catholic Church… After Luther’s Protestants split from the Catholic Church… The Protestants split into several different groups. The Protestants split into several different groups. Two of the bigger groups: Calvinists and the Anglican Church in England Two of the bigger groups: Calvinists and the Anglican Church in England U.S. Protestant Groups According to the Hartford Institute for Religion Research, U.S. Protestant groups are commonly divided into four broad categories: Liberal Protestant: Episcopal, Presbyterian, Unitarian Universalist, United Church of Christ Moderate Protestant: American Baptist, Disciples of Christ, Evangelical Lutheran, Mennonite, Reformed Church in America, United Methodist Evangelical Protestant: Assemblies of God, Christian Reformed, Nazarene, Churches of Christ, Independent Christian Churches (Instrumental), Seventh-day Adventist, Southern Baptist Historically Black Protestant: Various denominations

10. Calvinism Calvinism comes from John Calvin. Calvinism comes from John Calvin. He began as lawyer, heard about Luther, and wrote his own book: “Institutes of the Christian Religion” – which he re-wrote several times. He began as lawyer, heard about Luther, and wrote his own book: “Institutes of the Christian Religion” – which he re-wrote several times. His ideas had much in common with Luther, but there were some differences…. His ideas had much in common with Luther, but there were some differences….

11. He taught only certain individuals had been chosen by God for eternal salvation (predestination). He taught only certain individuals had been chosen by God for eternal salvation (predestination). Calvin also wanted a separate society of Calvinists (even running the government). Calvin also wanted a separate society of Calvinists (even running the government). He did set up a new religious community in Switzerland, where all rules were based on the Bible, and where elders, pastors, and ministers would oversee everyone. He did set up a new religious community in Switzerland, where all rules were based on the Bible, and where elders, pastors, and ministers would oversee everyone. No gambling, singing, dancing, or alcohol, or images, candles, and incense in church. No gambling, singing, dancing, or alcohol, or images, candles, and incense in church. They had plain, long church services, with lots of sermons and hymns. They had plain, long church services, with lots of sermons and hymns. Calvinism was most widely accepted at that time in the Netherlands and Scotland Calvinism was most widely accepted at that time in the Netherlands and Scotland

12. The English Reformation England at the time was really divided by religion. England at the time was really divided by religion. King Henry VIII hated the Catholic church. King Henry VIII hated the Catholic church. He wanted a son as an heir, but his wives wouldn’t “give” him one, so he kept getting new wives. He wanted a son as an heir, but his wives wouldn’t “give” him one, so he kept getting new wives. The Pope wouldn’t let him get divorced, so Henry VIII started “the Church of England” – led by…. (you know who). The Pope wouldn’t let him get divorced, so Henry VIII started “the Church of England” – led by…. (you know who). He kept most of the Catholic ideas in his church, but most people in England were getting worked up about Protestantism, so there were some problems. He kept most of the Catholic ideas in his church, but most people in England were getting worked up about Protestantism, so there were some problems.

13. Henry VIII died – Edward VI took over. Henry VIII died – Edward VI took over. Protestantism grew. Protestantism grew. After 6 years, Edward VI died. After 6 years, Edward VI died. His older sister Mary Tudor took over and tried to re- instate Roman Catholicism – and even burned several hundred Protestants at the stake for heresy (she ends up with the name “Bloody Mary”). His older sister Mary Tudor took over and tried to re- instate Roman Catholicism – and even burned several hundred Protestants at the stake for heresy (she ends up with the name “Bloody Mary”). Queen Elizabeth I was next. Queen Elizabeth I was next. She combined all three churches and people were a little happier (she didn’t kill anyone). She combined all three churches and people were a little happier (she didn’t kill anyone). Priests wore Robes (RC), they were allowed to marry (P), services were held in English (P), altars were decorated with crucifixes (RC/C of E) Priests wore Robes (RC), they were allowed to marry (P), services were held in English (P), altars were decorated with crucifixes (RC/C of E)

14. Catholics Respond to the Reformation The Roman Catholic Church didn’t just sit around. The Roman Catholic Church didn’t just sit around. They had to try and do something about the Reformation. They had to try and do something about the Reformation. Their movement is called the Roman catholic Reformation – led by Pope Paul III. Their movement is called the Roman catholic Reformation – led by Pope Paul III.

15. The Council of Trent Pope Paul III and the Catholics decided they needed a meeting to discus their doctrine (church policy/beliefs). Pope Paul III and the Catholics decided they needed a meeting to discus their doctrine (church policy/beliefs). This “meeting” lasted for 18 years (and 5 Popes). This “meeting” lasted for 18 years (and 5 Popes). Had 25 meetings total. Had 25 meetings total. They were often interrupted and many times, they didn’t get too many people to show up. They were often interrupted and many times, they didn’t get too many people to show up. But they did finally address some of the issues the protestants had brought up. But they did finally address some of the issues the protestants had brought up.

16. The Council of Trent decided The Pope was in charge of the Church. The Pope was in charge of the Church. Salvation came from faith and good works. Salvation came from faith and good works. Priests were a special group and were forbidden to marry. Priests were a special group and were forbidden to marry. The Bible wasn’t the only authority – the Church could be too. The Bible wasn’t the only authority – the Church could be too. Individuals did not have the right to interpret the Bible. Individuals did not have the right to interpret the Bible. The Saints and Mary were still to be special in the Church. The Saints and Mary were still to be special in the Church. Latin was the official language of worship, but native languages could be used for mass. Latin was the official language of worship, but native languages could be used for mass. Indulgences could no longer be sold. Indulgences could no longer be sold. Seminaries were set up for the training of priests. Seminaries were set up for the training of priests.

17. Spreading Catholicism About the same time as the Council of Trent, Pope Paul III gave permission to set up a new group of Catholic clergy – led by Ignatius of Loyola. About the same time as the Council of Trent, Pope Paul III gave permission to set up a new group of Catholic clergy – led by Ignatius of Loyola. They called themselves Jesuits. They called themselves Jesuits. They were to be “soldiers of the church”, missionaries of the Christian faith, and educators of the young. They were to be “soldiers of the church”, missionaries of the Christian faith, and educators of the young. They were all required to take a special oath of obedience to the pope. They were all required to take a special oath of obedience to the pope. The nun who did the same thing: Saint Theresa of Avila. The nun who did the same thing: Saint Theresa of Avila. Her followers lived in isolation, praying and meditating Her followers lived in isolation, praying and meditating During the Middle Ages, the Name of Jesus was written: IHESUS