1. ©Prentice Hall 200312-1 Understanding Psychology 6 th Edition Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto PowerPoint Presentation by H. Lynn Bradman Metropolitan Community College

2. ©Prentice Hall 200312-2 Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

3. ©Prentice Hall 200312-3 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Mental health professionals term a psychological disorder as a condition that either seriously impairs a person's ability to function in life or creates a high level of inner distress (or sometimes both). This view does not mean that the category "disordered” is always easy to distinguish from the category “normal.” In fact, it may be more accurate to view abnormal behavior as merely quantitatively different from normal behavior

4. ©Prentice Hall 200312-4 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Society: –Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order. Individual: –One’s own sense of personal well-being determines normality. Mental-health professional: –Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning determine normality.

5. ©Prentice Hall 200312-5 Approaches to Psychological Disorders Biological model: –Disorders have a biochemical or physiological basis. Psychoanalytic model: –Disorders result from unconscious internal conflicts. Cognitive-behavioral model: –Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving.

6. ©Prentice Hall 200312-6 Approaches to Psychological Disorders Diathesis-stress model: –People biologically predisposed to a mental disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that disorder when particularly affected by stress. Systems approach: –Biological, psychological, and social risk factors combine to produce disorders.

7. ©Prentice Hall 200312-7 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV A publication of the American Psychiatric Association that classifies more than 230 psychological disorders into 16 categories. The most widely used classification of psychological disorders.

8. ©Prentice Hall 200312-8 Mood Disorders Most people have a wide emotional range, but in some people with mood disorders, this range is greatly restricted. They seem stuck at one or the other end of the emotional spectrum, or they may alternate back and forth between periods of mania and depression.

9. ©Prentice Hall 200312-9 Mood Disorders Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional state. –Depression –Mania –Bipolar disorder

10. ©Prentice Hall 200312-10 Depression A mood disorder characterized by overwhelming feelings of sadness, Lack of interest in activities, And perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of worthlessness.

11. ©Prentice Hall 200312-11 Depression The DSM-IV distinguishes between two forms of clinical depression. –Major depressive disorder is an episode of intense sadness that may last for several months. –Dysthymia involves less intense sadness but persists with little relief for a period of two years or more.

12. ©Prentice Hall 200312-12 Suicide More women than men attempt suicide, but more men succeed. Suicide rates among American adolescents and young adults have been rising, and suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents. A common feeling associated with suicide is hopelessness, which is also typical of depression.

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14. ©Prentice Hall 200312-14 Mania A mood disorder characterized by euphoric states: –Extreme physical activity –Excessive talkativeness –Distractedness –Sometimes grandiosity.

15. ©Prentice Hall 200312-15 Bipolar Disorder A mood disorder in which periods of mania and depression alternate, sometimes with periods of normal mood intervening.

16. ©Prentice Hall 200312-16 Causes of Mood Disorders Most psychologists now believe that mood disorders result from a combination of: –Biological factors –Psychological factors –Social factors

17. ©Prentice Hall 200312-17 Biological Factors Genetics appears to play a role in the development of mood disorders. The strongest evidence for the role of genetics comes from twin studies. Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have been linked to mood disorders.

18. ©Prentice Hall 200312-18 Psychological Factors Cognitive distortions may lead to the development of mood disorders. Cognitive distortions: –An illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and unworthiness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events.

19. ©Prentice Hall 200312-19 Types of Illogical Thinking Arbitrary inference Selective abstraction Overgeneralization Magnification and minimization

20. ©Prentice Hall 200312-20 Social Factors Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may lead to mood disorders. The link between depression and troubled relationships may explain why women are more likely to suffer from depression--women tend to be more relationship-oriented than men.

21. ©Prentice Hall 200312-21 Anxiety Disorders Normal fear is caused by something identifiable, and the fear subsides with time. In the case of anxiety disorder, however, either the person doesn't know why he or she is afraid, or the anxiety is inappropriate to the circumstances.

22. ©Prentice Hall 200312-22 Anxiety Disorders Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to motivate abnormal behavior. Phobias Panic disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder

23. ©Prentice Hall 200312-23 Types of Phobias Specific: –Intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thing Social: –Excessive, inappropriate fears connected with social situations or performances in front of other people Agoraphobia: –Involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations that require separation from a source of security

24. ©Prentice Hall 200312-24 Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks. Panic attack: –A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming experience of intense fear or terror without any reasonable cause.

25. ©Prentice Hall 200312-25 Generalized Anxiety Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by prolonged vague but intense fears that are not attached to any particular object or circumstance.

26. ©Prentice Hall 200312-26 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person feels driven to think disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and/or to perform senseless rituals (compulsions).

27. ©Prentice Hall 200312-27 Causes of Anxiety Disorders Prepared responses: –Responses that evolution has made us biologically predisposed to acquire through learning Not feeling in control of one’s life May be caused by an inherited predisposition Internal psychological conflict

28. ©Prentice Hall 200312-28 Psychosomatic and Somatoform Disorders Psychosomatic disorders are illnesses that have a valid physical basis but are largely caused by psychological factors such as excessive stress and anxiety. In contrast, somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms without any identifiable physical cause.

29. ©Prentice Hall 200312-29 Psychosomatic Versus Somatoform Psychosomatic: –Disorders in which there is real physical illness that is largely caused by psychological factors such as stress and anxiety. Somatoform: –Disorders in which there is an apparent physical illness for which there is no organic basis.

30. ©Prentice Hall 200312-30 Somatoform Disorders Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Body dysmorphic disorder

31. ©Prentice Hall 200312-31 Somatization Disorder A somatoform disorder characterized by recurrent vague somatic complaints without a physical cause.

32. ©Prentice Hall 200312-32 Conversion Disorder Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems.

33. ©Prentice Hall 200312-33 Hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness.

34. ©Prentice Hall 200312-34 Body Dysmorphic Disorder A somatoform disorder in which a person becomes so preoccupied with his or her imagined ugliness that normal life is impossible.

35. ©Prentice Hall 200312-35 Dissociative Disorders In dissociative disorders, some part of a person's personality or memory is separated from the rest. –Dissociative amnesia –Dissociative fugue –Dissociative identity disorder –Depersonalization disorder

36. ©Prentice Hall 200312-36 Dissociative Amnesia A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory for past events without organic cause. Dissociative amnesia may result from an intolerable experience. Dissociative amnesia is rare.

37. ©Prentice Hall 200312-37 Dissociative Fugue A dissociative disorder that involves flight from home and the assumption of a new identity, with amnesia for past identity and events.

38. ©Prentice Hall 200312-38 Dissociative Identity Disorder A dissociative disorder in which a person has several distinct personalities that emerge at different times. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.

39. ©Prentice Hall 200312-39 Depersonalization Disorder A dissociative disorder whose essential feature is that the person suddenly feels changed or different in a strange way.

40. ©Prentice Hall 200312-40 Sexual and Gender-Identity Disorders DSM-IV recognizes three main types of sexual disorders. –Sexual dysfunctions –Paraphilias –Gender-identity disorders

41. ©Prentice Hall 200312-41 Sexual Dysfunctions A loss or impairment of the ordinary physical responses of sexual function. Erectile disorder: –The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erection. Female sexual arousal disorder: –The inability of a woman to become sexually aroused or to reach orgasm.

42. ©Prentice Hall 200312-42 Sexual Dysfunctions Sexual desire disorders: –Disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest or has an active distaste for sex. Sexual arousal disorder: –Inability to achieve or sustain arousal until the end of intercourse in a person who is capable of experiencing sexual desire.

43. ©Prentice Hall 200312-43 Sexual Dysfunctions Orgasmic disorders: –Inability to reach orgasm in a person able to experience sexual desire and maintain arousal. Premature ejaculation: –Inability of a man to inhibit orgasm as long as desired. Vaginismus: –Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the vagina that make intercourse impossible.

44. ©Prentice Hall 200312-44 Paraphilias Sexual disorders in which unconventional objects or situations cause sexual arousal. Fetishism: –A paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement.

45. ©Prentice Hall 200312-45 Paraphilias Voyeurism: –Desire to watch others having sexual relations or to spy on nude people. Exhibitionism: –Compulsion to expose one’s genitals in public to achieve sexual arousal.

46. ©Prentice Hall 200312-46 Paraphilias Frotteurism: –Compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in public situations. Transvestic fetishism: –Wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve sexual gratification.

47. ©Prentice Hall 200312-47 Paraphilias Sexual sadism: –Obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or physically harming a sex partner. Sexual masochism: –Inability to enjoy sex without accompanying emotional or physical pain. Pedophilia: –Desire to have sexual relations with children as the preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual excitement.

48. ©Prentice Hall 200312-48 Gender-Identity Disorders Disorders that involve the desire to become, or the insistence that one really is, a member of the other biological sex. Gender-identity disorder in children: –Rejection of one’s biological gender in childhood, along with the clothing and behavior society considers appropriate to that gender.

49. ©Prentice Hall 200312-49 Personality Disorders Disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive ways of thinking and behaving learned early in life cause distress to the person and/or conflicts with others.

50. ©Prentice Hall 200312-50 Three Clusters of Personality Disorders Cluster A: –Odd or eccentric behavior –Schizoid, paranoid Cluster B: –Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior –Narcisstic, borderline, antisocial Cluster C: –Anxious or fearful –Dependent, avoidant

51. ©Prentice Hall 200312-51 Schizoid Personality Disorder A personality disorder in which a person is withdrawn and lacks feelings for others. The classic “loner.”

52. ©Prentice Hall 200312-52 Paranoid Personality Disorder Personality disorder in which the person is inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of others. Paranoid personality disorder is NOT the same as paranoid schizophrenia.

53. ©Prentice Hall 200312-53 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Personality disorder in which the person has an exaggerated sense of self-importance and needs constant admiration.

54. ©Prentice Hall 200312-54 Borderline Personality Disorder Personality disorder characterized by marked instability in self-image, mood, and interpersonal relationships.

55. ©Prentice Hall 200312-55 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) Personality disorder that involves a pattern of violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative behavior and an inability to feel affection for others.

56. ©Prentice Hall 200312-56 Possible Causes of ASPD Biological predisposition Adverse psychological experiences Unhealthy social environment Abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters

57. ©Prentice Hall 200312-57 Dependent Personality Disorder Personality disorder in which the person is unable to make choices and decisions independently and cannot tolerate being alone. Appear to have an underlying fear of being abandoned or rejected.

58. ©Prentice Hall 200312-58 Avoidant Personality Disorder Personality disorder in which the person’s fears of rejection by others leads to social isolation. Avoidant personality disorder differs from schizoid personality disorder in that avoidant individuals want to have close relationships with other people.

59. ©Prentice Hall 200312-59 Schizophrenic Disorders Severe disorders in which there are disturbances of thoughts, communications, and emotions, including delusions and hallucinations. Delusions: –False beliefs about reality that have no basis in fact. Hallucinations: –Sensory experiences in the absence of external stimulation.

60. ©Prentice Hall 200312-60 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Disorganized schizophrenia: –Bizarre and childlike behaviors are common. Catatonic schizophrenia: –Disturbed motor activity is prominent.

61. ©Prentice Hall 200312-61 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Paranoid schizophrenia: –Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex, bizarre delusions. The presence of delusions differentiates this disorder from paranoid personality disorder.

62. ©Prentice Hall 200312-62 Types of Schizophrenic Disorders Undifferentiated schizophrenia: –There are clear schizophrenic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for another subtype of the disorder.

63. ©Prentice Hall 200312-63 Possible Causes of Schizophrenia Genetics Excessive amounts of dopamine Enlarged ventricles in the brain Abnormal pattern of connections between cortical cells Family relationships

64. ©Prentice Hall 200312-64 Childhood Disorders Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Autistic disorder

65. ©Prentice Hall 200312-65 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder A childhood disorder characterized by inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity. More common in boys than girls.

66. ©Prentice Hall 200312-66 Autistic Disorder A childhood disorder characterized by lack of social instincts and strange motor behavior. Echolalia: –A speech pattern displayed by some autistic children in which they repeat the words said to them.

67. ©Prentice Hall 200312-67 Gender Differences Gender differences tend to be found for those disorders without a strong biological component. Marital status and incidence of psychological disorders: –divorced/separated men –married women –married men

68. ©Prentice Hall 200312-68 Higher Incidence of Specific Disorders Men –Substance abuse –Antisocial personality disorder Women –Depression –Agoraphobia –Simple phobia –Obsessive-compulsive disorder –Somatization disorder