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Chapter 1 Abnormal Psychology: An Overview
ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY SIXTEENTH EDITION James N. Butcher/ Jill M. Hooley/ Susan Mineka Chapter 1 Abnormal Psychology: An Overview © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What Do We Mean by Abnormality?
There is no consensus definition There are some clear elements of abnormality ABNORMALITY © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Elements of Abnormality
Elements of abnormality include: Suffering Maladaptiveness Deviancy Violation of the Standards of Society Social Discomfort Irrationality and Unpredictability Dangerousness © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Elements of Abnormality
Points to remember! No one element is sufficient to define or determine abnormality Definition of deviant changes as society changes © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The DSM-5 Definition MENTAL DISORDER
Clinically significant disturbance in behavior, emotional regulation, or cognitive function Associated with distress or disability Biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction in individual MENTAL DISORDER © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders?
Have social and political implications Classify disorders, not people Provide nomenclature (a naming system) that allows organization of information © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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What Are the Disadvantages of Classification?
1) Loss of individual’s information 2) Stigma and stereotyping associated with diagnosis 3) labeling can impact self-concept © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal?
Presentation of disorders found worldwide Certain forms of highly culture-specific psychopathology © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Culture-Specific Disorders
Certain forms of psychopathology highly specific to certain cultures Examples Taijin kyofusho in Japan Ataque de nervios in Latinos and Latinas especially from the Caribbean © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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How Common Are Mental Disorders?
Significant question for many reasons Planning, establishing, and funding mental health services for specific disorders Providing clues to causes of mental disorders © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Prevalence and Incidence
Epidemiology Study of distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Prevalence and Incidence
Number of active cases in population during any given period of time Typically expressed as percentages Different types of prevalence estimates © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Prevalence and Incidence
Number of new cases in population over given period of time Incidence figures are typically lower than prevalence figures © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders
Lifetime prevalence Most prevalent category Most common individual disorders Comorbidity © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Treatment Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric units
Not all people receive treatment Vast majority of treatment is done on outpatient basis Inpatient hospitalization typically in psychiatric units © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Types of Mental Health Professionals
Clinical Psychologist Counseling Psychologist School Psychologist Psychiatrist Psychoanalyst Clinical Social Worker Psychiatric Nurse Occupational Therapist Pastoral Counselor Community Mental Health Worker Alcohol- or Drug-Abuse Counselor © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology
A scientific attitude and approach to the study of abnormal behavior Helps understand etiology and nature of disorder Reduces error © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sources of Information
Case studies Self-report data Observational approaches © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Case Studies Specific individual observed and described in detail
Subject to bias of author of case study Low generalizability © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Self-Report Data Participants asked to provide information about themselves Interviews and Questionnaires May be inaccurate © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Observational Approaches
Collecting information without asking participants directly for it Outward behavior can be observed directly Biological variables can be observed via technologically advanced methods © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Forming and Testing Hypotheses
Anecdotal accounts and unusual research findings help researchers develop hypotheses Hypotheses must be tested in well-designed research studies © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sampling and Generalization
Who should researchers include in a study? Individuals who are similar in their behavioral abnormalities Study group should mirror underlying population in all important ways Large, randomly selected groups are ideal © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Internal and External Validity
Internal validity = methodologically sound External validity = generalizability © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Criterion and Comparison Groups
Complete the following sentence: To test hypotheses, researchers use a comparison group of people who ________. © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Observational Research Designs: Studying the World as It Is
Measuring Correlation Statistical Significance Effect Size Meta-analysis Correlations and Causality Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology Studying the Efficacy of Therapy Single-Case Experimental Designs Animal Research © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Measuring Correlation
Correlation coefficient Positive correlation Negative correlation Correlation of zero © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.2: Measuring Correlation
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Statistical Significance
p < .05 Less than 5 in 100 chance that correlation would happen by chance Both strength of correlation and size of sample influence statistical significance © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Effect Size Reflects the size of association of variables Independent of sample size Used to compare the strength of findings from different studies © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Meta-Analysis Combines effect sizes from all included studies
Summarizes research findings Statistical approach Combines effect sizes from all included studies © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Correlations and Causality
If two variables are correlated, there are multiple possible reasons for this. How many reasons can you identify? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Correlations and Causality
Correlation does NOT mean causation! © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Retrospective versus Prospective Strategies
Retrospective research strategies involve looking back in time Prospective research strategies involve looking ahead in time © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology
Experimental research involves: Independent variable Dependent variable © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology
Experimental research CAN determine causation! © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.3: Correlational and Experimental Research Designs
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Studying Efficacy of Therapy
Confidence in treatment’s efficacy Equivalency in treated and untreated groups Standard treatment as comparison group © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Single-Case Experimental Designs
Single-case research designs Make causal inferences in individual cases Involve alternating baseline condition and treatment condition © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 1.4: An ABAB Experimental Design: Kris’s Treatment
© 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Factors to consider Animal Research Ethical issues Advantages
Generalizability © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Unresolved Issues Categorization of increasing numbers of people as mentally ill Financial interests of mental health professionals benefit from inclusive definitions How broadly should abnormality be defined? © 2014, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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