1. HU 121 History of Engineering and Technology Fall 2012/13 Pharos University in Alexandria Faculty of Engineering Water Engines Lect6A

2. Outline Water engines timeline Hydro Turbines –Pelton Turbine –Other Turbines (Classification) Taqi Al Din Monobloc Engine

3. Development of Water Engines Increased Efficiency Turbo Engine 18 th Century overshot water wheel 14th Century undershot water wheel 1 st Century BC center water wheel 16 th Century Monobloc Pump 16 th Century

5. Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf al-Shami تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي, (1526–1585) was an Ottoman Muslim polymath: He was the author of more than 90 books on a wide variety of subjects, including astronomy, clocks, engineering, mathematics, mechanics, optics and philosophy Brief Biography

6. Monobloc Pump Taqi al-Din concieved, designed and implemented a 'Monobloc' pump with a six cylinder engine. It was a hydro-powered water-raising machine featuring: 1.valves, 2.suction and delivery pipes, 3.piston rods with lead weights, 4.trip levers with pin joints, and 5.cams on the axle of a water- driven scoop-wheel. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y9fqfnKKCN8&NR=1&feature=endscreen

7. Turbo Engine (Turbine) Turbines convert water (fluid) energy into mechanical energy. Turbines convert water (fluid) energy into mechanical energy. Pelton turbine was implemented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s. Pelton turbine was implemented by Lester Allan Pelton in the 1870s.

9. Pelton Turbine Pelton Turbine consists of a set of buckets mounted around a wheel. Pelton turbines are not immersed in water. Instead, it is driven by jets of high pressure water hitting the buckets. Kinetic energy of the water jet is transferred to the turbine. A high head is required to generate a jet.

10. Pelton Turbine Example

11. Classification of Turbines

13. Hydro-electric Power

14. General layout of Hydro-Power Plant Reservoir Reservoirs ensure supply of water through out the year, by storing water during rainy season.Dam The function of the dam is to increase the reservoir capacity and to increase the working head of the turbine. Penstock A pipe between dam and turbine carries the water from dam to turbine. Penstock is commonly made of steel pipes. Turbine Turbines convert the kinetic and potential energy of water into mechanical energy to produce electric power. Generator Electric generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

15. Hydro Turbines For the electromagnetic induction Hydro power is used to drive the turbine The turbine shaft rotates the generator, producing electric power.

16. Advantages of hydraulic power plants  Operating cost is low  Less Maintenance cost and less manpower required  Pollution free (Green)  Quick to start and easy to synchronize  Can be used for irrigation and flood control  Long plant life. Limitations of Hydraulic Power Plants  Initial cost of total plant is high  Power generation depends on availability of water  Cost of transmission is high since most of the plants are in remote areas  Project duration is long. Hydro Power Plants

17. Review Questions 1.(a) Provide a brief timeline of water-driven engines. (b) Describe engine and show the advancement it contributed. 2.(a) Describe Taqi al-din machine (b) Provide a brief biography of Taqi al-din 3. (a) Describe Pelton turbine (b) What is the main difference between water wheel and water turbine. 4.Provide a general layout of a hydro-power plant 5.List advantages and limitations of hydro-power plants.