1. MICROQUASARS: DISK-JET COUPLING
Felix Mirabel
European Southern Observatory. Chile

2. MULTI-l APPROACH TO HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE REGION
Wang et al. ApJ 2002
Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992
Chandra
Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003
INTEGRAL
Black Hole
VLA: l6cm
Since 1995 five Microquasar workshops

3. QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)
QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
QUASAR MICROQUASAR
The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH
Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH
Unique system of equations:
The maximum color temperature
of the accretion disk is:
Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4
(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)
Waited era of space astronomy
For a given accretion rate:
LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ;
j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH-1/2
(Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)
APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?

4. SUPERLUMINAL MOTION IN THE GALAXY
Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994
WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOs
-RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION FROM TWIN JETS SEEN TWO-SIDED
- mQSO JETS MOVE ON THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN QSO JETS
- IN AGN AT D<100 Mpc JETS ARE RESOLVED AT ~50 Rsh (e.g. M87,Biretta)
PHYSICS: NEED TO STUDY BHs ACROSS ALL MASS SCALES

5. DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES
Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)
SS433/W50
VLA l20cm
1o = 60 pc
1arcsec
RADIATIVELY INEFFICIENT JETS  “DARK”
RELATIVISTIC HADRONS WITH V = 0.26c
MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec
IN mQSOs >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
X-RAY MOVING JETS IN mQSOs  TeV ELECTRONS

6. GRS 1915+105: Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006)
COMPACT STEADY JETS
GRS : Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006)
Mirabel, Dhawan et. al, 1998
2.0 cm cm
~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING LOW HARD STATE
SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel 2006)
LARGE SCALE JETS CAN BE INTERPRETED AS SHOCKS
PROPAGATING AT ~0.98c THROUGH THE COMPACT JETS
THE COMPACT JETS REAPPEAR AFTER LARGE FLARES

7. ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION
DT a MBH
1 hr in GRS = 30 yr in SgrA*
Mirabel et al. 1998
THE TRIGGERS OF JETS ARE INSTABILITIES IN THE ACCRETION DISK (TRANSITION LOW HARD TO HIGH SOFT). THE X-RAY “SPIKE” MARKS THE ONSET OF A SHOCK THROUGH THE COMPACT, STEADY JET
ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C Marscher (2002)

8. VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS
MICROBLAZARS
VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS
LS 5039 with HESS & LSI with MAGIC (Aharonian & Albert et al. in Science)
TWO MODELS:
Mirabel (Science, 2006)
1) Microblazars (Mirabel & Rodriguez,1999): IC of e- jets on UV photons (Paredes
et al. 2002) or hadrons in the jets (Romero et al. 2005) with matter of the stellar wind.
2) Pulsar wind (Maraschi & Treves, 1981): wind e- on UV as in PSR B

9. QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGY
HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, S&T 2002) no no
FOR DISK-JET COUPLING IN ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES

10. MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A mQSO
mQSOs XTE J & H
Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05
X-rays are produced by synchrotron  electrons accelerated to TeV energies

11. ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 ?
BUT IN TIME SCALES OF YEARS Marscher, Marti et al. Nature 2002

12. Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets
GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OF LONG DURATION MARK THE BIRTH OF BLACK HOLES BY CORE COLLAPSE OF MASSIVE STARS
Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets

13. VHE (>100 GeV) FROM g-RAY BINARIES
LS 5039 with HESS
(Aharonian et al. Science 2005)
LSI with MAGIC
(Albert et al. Science 2006)
VHE emission is variable
lkgjdofikgj
Both have compact objects with masses M < 4 M
Both are runaway HMXBs formed < 2 x 106 yrs ago

14. SUMMARY Microquasars have provided insight into:
THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s
THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION
THE FORMATION OF STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES
Microquasars could provide insight into:
A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES
GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES
THE PHYSICS IN THE JETS OF DISTANT BLAZARS
BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS IS TODAY IN AN ANALOGOUS SITUATION AS WAS STELLAR ASTRONOMY IN THE FIRST HALF OF LAST CENTURY, WHEN THE HR DIAGRAM WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR FIRST TIME

15. LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1
Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005
Ring diameter = 5 pc
> 50% OF THE RELEASED
ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
LARGE-SCALE JETS IN GRS ?
Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)
Hot spots at ~ 50 pc

16. IF THE EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS
X-ray/radio/mass QPOs/mass Noise-spectrum/mass Gallo et al Abramovics, Uttley et al. 2004
BECOME MORE ROBUST, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MODELS, THE MASS AND SPIN OF BLACK HOLES WILL BE DETERMINED

17. THE BLACK HOLE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE
Merloni et al. Falke, Koerding et al.

18. SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN
OBSERVED IN > 30 QSOs & AGN
IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES
PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS
Vapp UP TO 30c in blazars
One sided because of Doppler boosting
WHAT IS THE NATURE ?
“PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?

19. LS 5039 WAS EJECTED FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE A VHE (> 100 GEV) SOURCE
Paredes, Ribo et al. 2002
Ribo, Paredes et al. 2002
V = km/s; e~0.5; Mj = Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = M

20. VHE FROM COMPACT BINARIES
PULSAR WIND MODEL: Power by rotational energy (Dubus, 2006)
PSR B , LS 5039 & LSI have compact objects with M < 4 MSUN
Time variability & x-ray spectrum of LSI resemble those of young pulsars
LSI is a Be star like PSR B & all known Be/X-ray binary are NSs
But does not satisfactorily fit the GeV & radio wavelength fluxes in LSI & LS 5039
Definitive proof: Detection of pulsations in LS 5039 & LSI
MICROQUASAR JET MODELS: Power by accretion (Bosch-Ramon)
Particle energy in QSOs and mQSOs are comparable (blazar-microblazar analogy)
The kinetic power in mQSOs is equal or larger than the radiated power
Electrons in the jets are accelerated up to TeV energies
LS 5039: jets are steady, two-sided, seem to have bulk motions of c as compact mQSO jets, and no radio outbursts have been observed (Paredes et al.)
Definitive proof: VHE emission from confirmed BHs (e.g Cyg X-1, V 4641,GRS 1915)
RADIO IMAGES WITH HIGHER SENSITIVITY AND RESOLUTION