1. Assessment on the environmental effect of adding soybean ethylic biodiesel to fossil diesel for passengers transportation in urban center Alex R. Nogueira, Luiz Kulay and Gil Anderi da Silva

2. Passengers’ transportation in Brazil Cities were designed for vehicles; Lack of railroads or subway; Road transportation prevails large demand for infrastructure; air pollution due to diesel consumption; need for alternative fuels.

3. Biodiesel incorporation to the Brazilian energy matrix National Program for Biodiesel Production and Consumption; Federal law 11,097/2005: determined a gradual addition of biodiesel into fossil diesel blends: at least 2% (B2) from 2008 to 2010; at least 5% (B5) since 2010; Mixtures are expressed in terms of biodiesel volumetric percentage.

4. Biodiesel as an alternative fuel Biodiesel is traditionally proclaimed as more beneficial than fossil diesel: better results in terms of Climate Change and energy efficiency; higher cetane number and oxigen content; lower sulfur content and safer storage. On the other hand, there are some drawbacks associated with biodiesel consumption, such as: impacts due to feedstock cultivation; poor cold flow properties and oxidation susceptibility; Comprehensive analysis can be obtained from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies.

5. well-to-wheel (WTW) tank-to-wheel (TTW)well-to-tank (WTT) LCA approaches for fuels

6. Goal The study aims at evaluating the environmental effects of different biodiesel + fossil diesel blends in passengers locomotion by bus in the metropolitan region of São Paulo (Brazil), considering the LCA well-to-wheel approach. Blends considered: B0 (i.e. only diesel); B5 B10 B20 B50

7. 39 cities 20,7 million inhabitants 7,947.3 km 2 20% of Brazilian GDP (approx.) 258 km of railroads 78 km of Metro more than 20 thousand buses 6 million cars São Paulo metropolitan region

8. Product system (foreground) Bioethanol production Soybean oil production TransesterificationBus operation Fossil diesel production in Brazil Fossil diesel production in other countries Blending T T TT T T

9. Scope Methodological standardization: ISO 14044 (2006); LCA approach: well-to-wheel; Functional unit: passengers transportation in urban buses through 100 km; This study is based on data adapted from Sugawara (2012), Nigro et al. (2008) and Leal (2008); Geographical coverage: bus operation at São Paulo Metropolian region, and respective feedstock production in Brazil; Technological coverage: Mercedes-Benz OM 904 LA engines (EURO III). Nevertheless, data can be considered as good proxy for buses operation in the region; Allocation: economic criterion; Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA): ReCiPe v. 1.08 – endpoint.

10. CO 2 Engine performance

11. BLEND DENSITY 15 o C (kg/L) AUTONOMY (km/L) FUEL CONSUMPTION AT BENCH (g-comb/kWh) CONSUMO DE COMBUSTÍVEL (L/100km) Diesel0,8422,3767219,742,0751 B50,8452,3767220,342,0751 B100,8472,3624221,042,3291 B200,8502,3482222,542,5862 B500,8632,3315229,342,8901 Engine operation parameters considered in this study.

12. LCA results

13. Impact category Bus operation – B 0 Bus operation - B05 Bus operation - B10 Bus operation - B20 Bus operation - B50 Climate change (human health)7,05E+016,87E+016,69E+016,30E+014,68E+01 Climate change (ecosystems)7,83E+007,63E+007,43E+006,99E+005,20E+00 Particulate matter formation2,11E+012,32E+012,51E+012,95E+014,74E+01 Photochemical oxidant formation1,34E-021,46E-021,56E-021,78E-022,65E-02 Terrestrial acidification2,49E-022,75E-022,99E-023,55E-025,84E-02 Human toxicity5,75E-026,09E-026,46E-027,30E-021,07E-01 Terrestrial ecotoxicity6,04E-046,53E-047,08E-048,34E-041,38E-03 Freshwater ecotoxicity2,73E-063,74E-064,89E-067,60E-062,06E-05 Freshwater eutrophication1,71E-052,31E-052,99E-054,62E-051,24E-04 Agricultural land occupation3,70E-056,85E-051,04E-041,89E-046,03E-04 Fossil depletion4,48E-014,52E-014,57E-014,63E-014,37E-01 LCA results Impact categories contribution to the single score indicator (Pt).

14. B5/B0 B10/B0B20/B0B50/B0 Climate change Human Health0,9170,8440,7010,350 Climate change Ecosystems0,9170,8440,7010,350 Particulate matter formation1,0331,0551,0951,182 Photochemical oxidant formation1,0241,0331,0461,045 Terrestrial acidification1,0401,0681,1191,235 Human toxicity0,9970,9980,9960,981 Terrestrial ecotoxicity1,0181,0421,0841,202 Freshwater ecotoxicity1,2901,5892,1843,974 Freshwater eutrophication1,2751,5592,1243,821 Agricultural land occupation1,7432,4994,0158,585 Fossil depletion0,9510,9060,8110,514 TOTAL (single score)0,9420,8890,7850,527 LCA results Effect of biodiesel addition to fossil diesel on indicators results for the impact categories.

15. Conclusion Increase in biodiesel concentration lead to better environmental results (single score); However, impacts are dominated by Climate Change results; Bus operation dominated the impact categories indicator for climate change, particulate matter formation, photochemical oxidant formation and terrestrial acidification; Fossil fuel depletion seemed to be of little significance to the overall results.

16. Obrigado pela atenção! arnogueira@usp.br