2. Appreciating Individual Differences: Self-Concept, Personality, Emotions Chapter Five Copyright © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Organizational Behavior: Key Concepts, Skills & Best Practices, 3/e

3. 5-3 After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between self-esteem and self- efficacy. Contrast high and low self-monitoring individuals, and describe resulting problems each may have. Explain the social learning model of self- management.

4. 5-4 After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able to: Identify and describe the Big Five personality dimensions, specify which one is correlated most strongly with job performance, and describe the proactive personality. Explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control. Explain the concepts of emotional contagion and emotional labor, and identify the four components of emotional intelligence

5. 5-5 From Self-Concept to Self-Management Self – core of one’s conscious existence Self-concept - a person’s self-perception as a physical, social, spiritual being.

6. 5-6 From Self-Concept to Self-Management Cognitions - a person’s knowledge, opinions, or beliefs. Self-esteem - one’s overall self-evaluation.

7. 5-7 An OB Model for Studying Individual Differences Figure 5-1

8. 5-8 Can General Self-Esteem Be Improved? Low self-esteem can be raised more by having a person think of desirable characteristics possessed rather of undesirable characteristics from which he is free

9. 5-9 How to Build Self-Esteem in Yourself and Others 1.Live consciously 2.Be self-accepting 3.Take personal responsibility 4.Be self-assertive 5.Live purposefully 6.Have personal integrity

10. 5-10 Question? What is a person’s belief about his chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task? A.Self-monitoring B.Self-reliance C.Self-efficacy D.Learned Helplessness

11. 5-11 Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy – a person’s belief about his chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task Learned Helplessness – debilitating lack of faith in one’s ability to control the situation

12. 5-12 Self-Efficacy See an article on self- efficacy by Judge and Bono

13. 5-13 Self-Efficacy Beliefs Pave the Way for Success or Failure Figure 5-2

14. 5-14 Managerial Implications On-the-job research evidence encourages managers to nurture self-efficacy, both in themselves and in others Significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and job performance

15. 5-15 Self-Monitoring Self-monitoring – extent to which a person observes their own self-expressive behavior and adapts it to the situation Positive relationship between high self- monitoring and career success

16. 5-16 Self-Management: A Social Learning Model Social Learning Theory – an individual acquires new behavior through the interplay of environmental cues and consequences and cognitive processes

17. 5-17 A Social Learning Model of Self-Management Figure 5-3

18. 5-18 Covey’s Eight Habits

19. 5-19 Arranging Cognitive Supports Symbolic coding – human brain stores information in visual and verbal codes Rehearsal – mental rehearsal of challenging tasks can increase one’s chance of success Self-talk – set of evaluating thoughts that you give yourself about facts and events that happen to you

20. 5-20 Self-Reinforcement 1.Individual must have control over desired reinforcers 2.Reinforcers must be self-administered on a conditional basis 3.Performance standards must be adopted

21. 5-21 Personality Dynamics Personality – stable and mental characteristics responsible for a person’s identity

22. 5-22 The Big Five Personality Dimensions

23. 5-23 Question? Which personality trait has the strongest positive correlation with job and training performance? A.Extraversion B.Conscientiousness C.Openness-to-experience D.Agreeableness

24. 5-24 Personality and Job Performance Conscientiousness has the strongest positive correlation with job and training performance Extraversion is associated with success for managers and salespeople

25. 5-25 Proactive Personality Proactive Personality - an action-oriented person who shows initiative and perseveres to change things.

26. 5-26 Locus of Control Internal locus of control – attributing outcomes to one’s own actions External locus of control – believing performance is the product of circumstances beyond one’s immediate control

27. 5-27 How Lucky People Make Their Own Luck 1.Maximize chance opportunities 2.Listen to your lucky hunches 3.Expect good fortune 4.Turn bad luck into good

28. 5-28 Humility Humility – considering the contributions of others and good fortune when gauging one’s success

29. 5-29 Attitudes Attitude – learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object

30. 5-30 Intelligence Intelligence – capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

31. 5-31 Mental Abilities

32. 5-32 Two Types of Abilities 1.General mental ability needed for all cognitive tasks 2.Unique to the task at hand

33. 5-33 Positive and Negative Emotions Emotions – complex human reactions to personal achievements and setbacks that may be felt and displayed

34. 5-34 Positive and Negative Emotions Figure 5-4

35. 5-35 Emotional Intelligence Emotional Intelligence - ability to manage oneself one’s relationships in mature and constructive ways

36. 5-36 Video: Federer, Inc. See BWTV discuss how Roger Federer’s approach to tennis can work in the business world. (4:47) See also, PBS’s take on the fall of Carly Fiorina (5:02)