1. Veronika Nováková Šárka Medová Vojtěch Novák ml. 2008 / 2009

2. The influence of human on the development of soil

3. - Pedosphere - Experiment - General influence of human CONTENT OF PRESENTATION

4. PEDOSPHERE

5. THE QUALITY OF THE SOIL Determine it by : Grain (particle size in the soil) – soil of sorts The quantity of humus – soil type The quantity of moisture – soil type Sites on earth – soil type Fertility – soil type Acidity and alkaline Togetherness of soil particle

6. SORTS OF SOIL Clayey Loamy Sandy Stony less than 0,002 mm 0,002 – 0,06 mm 0,06 – 0,2 mm more than 2 mm

7. TYPES OF SOIL Blacksoil: is a soil with a high content of humus (humic horizon 60-80 cm depth), the best in the world, provides a record grain yields Brownsoil: is a fertile land, humus content is less than blacksoil, surrounded by blacksoil, used in agriculture Podsol: is a little acid fertile land cold and humid nordic coniferous forests

8. BLACKSOIL BROWNSOIL PODSOL

9. ACIDITY AND ALKALINITY Number, which in chemistry express, the aqueous solution responds acidly or vice versa alkalicly

10. COMPARISON From two different places, we removed samples of soil and measured the pH

11. EXPERIMENT

12. ASSUMPTION OF EXPERIMENT Theory: Clay should be acid Peat should be alkalic

13. To crush the clay. To weigh it. Material preparation

14. To pour the water into a measuring cylinder. To pour the water into the Erlenmeyer flask. Material preparation

15. To mix the clay with water. Material preparation

16. Now we follow the process with peat as well as clay. Material preparation

18. To cut a filter paper. To prepare the filter paper. Material preparation

19. To built a filter apparatus. Material preparation

20. Aplication of samples to filtration apparatus. The clayThe peat Material preparation

21. Start of filtration process. The water Finished filtration process. Material preparation

22. Indicators – papers from pH measurement Measurement method nb. 1

24. The results of meaurement. Measurement method nb. 1

25. Phenolphthalein. Measurement method nb. 2

26. Phenolphthalein aplication.

27. Measurement method nb. 2 To mix samples with Phenolphthalein.

28. Phenolphthalein we´ve added to the samples. Measurement method nb. 2

29. CONCLUSION Theory  Reality Theoreticly the clay should be acid and the peat should be alkalic. The measurement showed different result. Based on our experiment we can say that both material (clay & peat) are acid. Explanation: This is clear proof that pedosphere is already afected by human activities (fertilization, chemistry,…)

30. GENERAL INFLUENCE OF HUMAN

31. DEVASTATION destruction of soil The devastation keep inappropriate interference in the soil Most relief affects the landscape and destroys the land HUMAN

32. DIAGRAM HUMAN CHEMICAL MEANS FERTILIZERSTILLAGESMINESROADSQUARRIESCLEARANCE

33. EFFECT OF HUMAN Extensive and deep tillage Excessive use of fertilizers (especially mineral fertilizers) Chemical means against weeds, diseases and pests of plants Soil compaction by heavy machinery Amending relief landscape : roads quarries surface mines other structures Indirectly acting on the ground : sional qualifications forests amending plant communities

34. IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN Increased erosion Less of humus Changes: height of groundwater level physical and chemical characteristics of soil Exacerbate the conditions for life in the soil

35. REVITALIZATION strengthening, revitalizing the soil To lead the revitalization of appropriate interventions in the land Acting against erosion (such as building terraces on steep slopes) Lead to a permanent soil fertility by increasing humus in the soil (good compost fertilizer, barnyard manures and fertilizer, adequate liming, etc.)

36. RESOURCES Our photos Picture: http://images.google.cz/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ewa.cz/pages1/598_soubory/hnedozem.j pg&imgrefurl=http://www.ewa.cz/pages1/598.htm&usg=___Hd1OiaPkYzhcWz0K- G8b6Xm0n8=&h=480&w=161&sz=17&hl=cs&start=1&um=1&tbnid=ZsXH2QBBXOz8sM:&t bnh=129&tbnw=43&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhn%25C4%259Bdozem%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Dcs%26lr%3D%26sa%3DN http://images.google.cz/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ewa.cz/pages1/595_soubory/cernozem.jp g&imgrefurl=http://www.ewa.cz/pages1/595.htm&usg=__c15I3bTkZlBr84c5V8Clj4fllEw=&h= 483&w=165&sz=14&hl=cs&start=1&um=1&tbnid=u1KYZKRO7kVoPM:&tbnh=129&tbnw=44 &prev=/images%3Fq%3D%25C4%258Dernozem%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dcs%26lr%3D http://images.google.cz/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1053/4 0093406.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.dkimages.com/discover/DKIMAGES/Discover/Home/Sc ience/Earth-Sciences/Geology/Soil/Layers/Layers-2.html&usg=__Vz7D3n- 3ipDMTK0nqdWXwGbaRQA=&h=752&w=512&sz=62&hl=cs&start=14&um=1&tbnid=TO0p 4BIXy1e9XM:&tbnh=141&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dpodzol%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Dcs%26lr%3D http://www.volny.cz/jiri.k.jurecka/obrazky/StavbaZeme2.jpg

37. THE END