1. © T. M. Whitmore TODAY Iberian history & the Conquest of Latin America Early Spanish conquest and colonization Early Spanish colonial labor institutions Early Spanish settlement

2. © T. M. Whitmore LAST TIME- Questions? Columbian Exchange & Amerindian crops Columbian Encounter & Amerindian population collapse

3. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian History & Latin American Conquest Iberia settled by Romans in 300 CE  Impacts for Americas:  Tradition of latifundia (lg estates);  Urban living preference  Class structure and primogeniture  Preference for cattle and horses as proper for gentlemen  Primogeniture  Christianity

4. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian History & Conquest II Islamic conquest 700s CE Islamic conquest  Muslim Moors from N Africa  Occupied most all of Iberia  Major impacts  Language  Agriculture  Racial mixing  Individual rule  Lower status for women

5. © T. M. Whitmore Iberian History & Conquest III Reconquista (re-conquest) Reconquista  Begins in 900s => a 700 year-long holy war to re- conquer Iberia by Christian kings  1492 marks last battle and expulsion of Moors (and Jews)

6. Christian Muslim (Moors)

7. Christian Muslim (Moors)

8. Christian Muslim (Moors)

9. Christian Muslim (Moors)

10. Christian

11. © T. M. Whitmore Implications of the Reconquista for Latin America Border war to expand the faith War to expand territorial control  New towns Victors get “tribute” AND land  Looting => value in “portable” wealth War = opportunity for glory and riches Secular and religious motives mixed Iberia misses our on initial stages of Renaissance

12. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish colonial policies & practices in the Americas The 3 “Gs”  Glory (conquest mentality from 700 yrs of war)  Gold (seizure or portable wealth and use of Amerindians to create more)  God (Christianize Indians and conquer lands for Christianity)

13. © T. M. Whitmore Early Iberian exploration, economic “development,” colonization, etc. Early proto-colonies in Islands (Madeira, Cape Verde) Portuguese-style “commercial” model down African coastAfrican coast  Trade, no conquest of territory initially Columbus: Related to Portuguese nobility (Madeira or Azores)  Familiar with Portuguese model & profits

14. © T. M. Whitmore Early Portuguese & Spanish Explorations N. Atlantic Gyre Treaty Line Tordesilles 1493-4 Madeira Canary Islands Cape Verde

15. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish Colonial economics Focused on extraction to enrich Motherland  Portable wealth  Indian labor to create portable wealth Mercantile model  Control of trade, production, immigration

16. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish colonial labor institutions I: Encomienda Early in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru  Tribute (tax) and labor service paid to a conqueror (as reward for conquest) from each head of household (tributario) in a population in a specified area  Also seen as payment for education in the holy faith (Santa Fe) and for “protection”  Laws thought to control the greedy conquerors – i.e., for protection of the Indians

17. © T. M. Whitmore Encomienda Not a land grant per se Initially only for lifetime of encomendero => temptation for exploitation Outcry from clerics (Bartolome de las Casas) about mistreatmentBartolome de las Casas Failed as Indian pops crashed Declining populations gave rise to calls from Indian leaders for new countsnew counts

19. Sample Folio from Visita of Yanquecollaguas, Colca Valley, Peru 1604 Shows tributario (don Pedro Quispe) and his dependents (and earlier deaths with the ts)

20. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish colonial labor institutions II: Repartimiento After 1542 in Mexico and Peru  Forced labor draft with paid wages  Most impressive early colonial building (e.g., churches) done under this system  Somewhat similar to pre-Columbian Coatequitl (Aztec) and Mitá (Inka) labor tribute systems  Legacy still evident all over the landscape Legacy

21. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

22. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

23. Santa Pricina, Taxco, Mexico

24. Tepoztitlan Mexico

25. Tepoztitlan Mexico

26. San Antonio, Honduras

27. 16 th C church Antigua, Guatemala

28. Near Antigua, Guatemala (collapsed by earthquakes)

29. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish Colonial Settlement I Initial Spanish occupancy pattern  Tie main ports to Spanish motherland Economy focused on extraction to Spain not local connections => Dual system  Euro cities with close ties to Spain  Indian areas in the periphery -- carries down to today  This early pattern still visible in the “dual economy” of Latin America

30. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish Colonial Settlement II Caribbean settlements  Fortified ports in Strategic locations  Virtual extinction of Amerindians in Caribbean  Experiments with Mediterranean animals & crops Caribbean settlements after 1519  Increasingly unimportant  Except for a few strategic locations for the shipments back to Spain  Crop & animal experiments  Imprint still Imprint

31. © T. M. Whitmore Cartagena Panama Havana Santo Domingo San Juan

32. Havana Treasure Convoys (flotas)

35. © T. M. Whitmore Urban types & functions I Mexico & Central America  Administrative cities:  Mexico City, Antigua  Commercial and transport cities  Veracruz, Acapulco, Panama City  Mining Centers  Zacatecas, Guanajuato  Agricultural Centers  Guadalajara, Puebla, Querétaro  “Industrial” Centers  Puebla, Tlaxcala, Oaxaca

36. © T. M. Whitmore Urban types & functions II Caribbean  Administrative cities:  Havana, Santo Domingo, San Juan  Commercial and transport cities  Havana

37. © T. M. Whitmore Urban types & functions III South America  Administrative cities:  Lima, Bogotá, Quito  Commercial and transport cities  Callao, Cartagena  Mining Centers  Potosí  Agricultural Centers  Arequipa, Santiago  “Industrial” Centers  Quito, Cuenca

38. © T. M. Whitmore Zacatecas San Luis Potosí Querètaro Guadalara Guanajuato Puebla Tlaxcala Mexico City Oaxaca Veracruz Acapulco

39. © T. M. Whitmore Antigua Panama

40. © T. M. Whitmore Cartagena Panama Havana Santo Domingo San Juan

41. Bogotá Cartagena Quito Cuenca Lima Callao ArequipaPotosí

42. © T. M. Whitmore Urban Morphology in Spanish America: 2 types “Freeform” mostly mining towns  E.g., Guanajuanto or TaxcoTaxco Grid system cities — virtually ALL the rest Grid system cities  Patterned on the new towns settled in Spain during the re-conquest  Central square (plaza, plaza de armas, zócalo) surrounded by:  Church  Seat of local government  High-class residences and shops

43. Taxco, Mexico

44. Central Mexico City

45. Cathedral & Zócalo, Mexico City

46. Cusco, Peru Plaza de Armas

47. Plaza in Querétaro, Mexico

48. Antigua, Guatemala

51. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish Colonial Settlement World of the Spanish (and their servants etc.)  Urban society as much as possible  Closer to center = higher prestige  Spaniards settled where wealth was to be had African World in Spanish America  Plantation slaves  As servants and craftspeople in Spanish cities

52. © T. M. Whitmore The Indian world, the so called “República de los Indios” (for high density Amerindian societies in Mexico, Guatemala, Andes)  Rural  Townships Townships  Follow old encomienda and parish boundaries Spanish resettlement (1550s & 1600 in Mexico, 1570s in Peru)  Called congregación or reducción Role of missions in less settled areasmissions  Missions of mendicant friars (Dominicans, Franciscans, Jesuits, etc.) Spanish Colonial Settlement II

54. San Xavior de Bac Jesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ

55. San Xavior de Bac Jesuit Mission near Tucson, AZ

57. © T. M. Whitmore Spanish American Social Hierarchies Social distinctions among Spaniards – mostly an urban phenomena Racial distinctions – races separate to a degree Over time spatial hierarchy became:  Mulattos and mestizos in smaller more remote Spanish cities or haciendas;  Creoles and Spaniards in larger cities;  Indians and Africans either urban servants or in rural areas

58. © T. M. Whitmore Relative Populations mid 1500s mid 1600s Spanish 250,000 400,000 (thus a small minority for most of colonial times) African100,000 225,00 Indian50 million 5 million million By 1810: Spanish descent = 20%; Indian descent = 45%; Mestizo = 33%; African = 4%

59. © T. M. Whitmore Portuguese Brazilian Settlement Initial Settlement Patterns  State-sized settlements to private entrepreneurs  to extract dye wood “palo brazil”  This initial “capitalistic-like” set up failed by 1540 and all lands re- transferred to the crown

60. © T. M. Whitmore Initial Settlement Tordesillas Treaty Line 1494