1. Training on Roads for Water and Resilience

2. SOCIAL IMPACT OF ROADS FOR WATER HARVESTING: EXPERIENCES FROM TIGRAY

3. Methodology Participatory Rural Appraisal Transect walk in Megab The PRA included: participatory mapping transect walk, wealth ranking matrix, gender matrix, seasonal calendars and Interviews with leaders and officials at the wereda, tabia and regional level.

4. Methodology Participatory Rural Appraisal Participants of the PRA included: both men and women, representatives of different wealth groups members of households that practice irrigated agriculture and other who only practiced rainfed agriculture individuals particularly affected by the road

5. Methodology Household surveys Household survey was conducted in two locations within the project area 1.Sinqata: 65 hhs 2. Gra Ares: 65 hhs

6. Coping strategy matrix Rich (33%)Medium (41%)Poor (26%) o Can hire daily labour to work on water conservation works (e.g. digging trenches) o Can use standard fertiliser and plough four times o Can build stronger protection at their houses o Can react quickly 9e.g. rebuild a house within a short period of time o Can rent somewhere else if their house is damaged o Can employ Labour and work themselves o Plough 3 times o Use non-standard fertiliser o Have to do the work themselves (which has an opportunity cost) o Only plough 2 times o Can use only little fertilizer o Cannot remedy a problem quickly o Cannot protect themselves so well from flooding, o Cannot rebuild their house because they have no savings

7. Run off impacts During the last big rain (year) which of your assets have been affected by Female Male Count % P%P% Flood Logging (rainfed land) No0000 Yes2468.64345.7 Siltation (rainfed land) No0000 Yes2468.64345.7 Erosion (rainfed land) No0000 Yes1542.82425.5 Flood Logging (grazing land) No0000 Yes2468.63436.2 Silted (grazing land) No0000 Yes2262.83436.2 Erosion No0000 Yes1028.61010.6 House Flood Logging No0000 Yes1131.42122.3

8. Gender analysis of road construction impact 2013 Female-headed households Male-headed households Mean Plot size lost (no cultivation) 0.160.08 Yield loss in kg/ha126138 Yield loss in ETB/ha10891192

9. Figure 1: Crop Yield Assessment from 2008 to 2014, tabia Sinqata, Tigary

11. Figure 2: Crop Yield Assessment from 2008 to 2014, tabia Gra Ares, Tigary

12. Season Yield variability

13. Yield impacts of road form water in Sinqata

14. Yield impacts of road form water in Gra Ares Note that 2014 was a year with very low rainfall

15. Severity of the problem 1= High, 2=Medium 3= Low Crop production constraints

16. Conclusions and way forward (1) Water from roads have mixed impacts on agricultural development, both positive and negative There is a possibility of maximizing the benefits of water from road with locally adaptive cost effective water management practices To promote such technologies adopting and scaling out plausible approach is paramount important Call for site-specific participatory study and design using a multidisciplinary approach by teams of specially trained and oriented natural and social scientists in combination with local farmers, resource users and organizations.

17. Include roads in water harvesting and soil and water conservation schemes Indigenous technical knowledge needs to be taken seriously Platform is very important for joint planning, implementation and up scaling Stakeholder analysis and social engagement mechanisms should be designed inclusively Inclusive and dynamic framework for road planners and designers is required Conclusions and way forward (2)

18. Supported by: Developed by: