1. Snake Mating Systems, Behavior, and Evolution: The Revisionary Implications of Recent Findings Rivas, Jesus A., Burghardt, Gordon M. (2005). Snake Mating Systems, Behavior and Evolution: The Revisionary Implications of Recent Findings. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 119(4), 447-454. Laura Cain, Taylor Casillas, Sarah Fukui and Nick O’Brien Psychology of Sex Differences October 20, 2010

2. Difference between Polyandry and Polygyny? Polyandry: A mating pattern in which a female mates with more than one male in a single breeding season. Polygyny: few males monopolize access to many females –Benefit = mate with more females, spread genes Ex: male elephant seals (dominant one gets to mate) Previous to this study, it was widely believed that the primary form of reproduction in snakes is polygyny Males have upper hand/advantage (sexual selection) –In mating (male-male competition) –Attractiveness to females (body size, morphological behavior, physiological attributes)

3. Framework for understanding diversity of mating systems Relies on… –Degree males can monopolize –Distribution of resources –Availability of mates Thus… sexual selection > for the sex that benefits more from increased number of matings (more offspring) –Polygyny = for males Four types of polygyny that were believed to accompany all snakes –Female defense (mate guarding) –Hot-spot –Prolonged male searching –Explosive mating assemblage

4. Initial research on snake mating systems Disproportionate Research –done on one species – in a specific climate and location- inaccurate findings –Diverse data for comparative findings unavailable –Poor database/invalid research due to: Secretive nature of snakes & other difficulties –Contrary to prejudiced info available, polyandry has been found to be the primary, if not universal form of mating system in snakes, not polygyny Snakes are the first species in which polyandry best describes their mating system

5. Findings on snake mating systems –Contrary to prejudiced info available, Polyandry has been found to be the primary, if not universal form of mating system in snakes, not polygyny Snakes are the first animal in which polyandry documented –Evidence: males spend more time courting and mating Choosier (larger more fertile female) Less reproductive investment Female multiple mating: found in all species (anaconda not the rare exception anymore) Males are smaller than females (would be opposite if polygyny) –Males rarely if ever feed during reproductive period Suffer higher mortality rate

7. Evidence for polyandry in snakes Garter snake –DNA and molecular studies proved several sires in the litters of garter snakes –Even with molecular methods to assess paternity( have found that multiple paternity is the norm for snakes), the word polyandry was still avoided Although this species still recognized as polygynous Female Green Anaconda –One female lays in mud or water –13 males come over Coil around her and attempt to mate –This mating can last for up to a month Males may stay with female until the end of her attractive period http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TF7d4jvays

8. Female Snakes OSR (operational sex ratio) = <1:1 for most snake species –OSR is the ratio of available females to available males Female snakes: large reproductive investment –Can’t always mate every year Leads to male-biased OSR –potential for females to mate numerous times

9. Conclusion Snakes are more likely to exhibit polygynandry (group mating) or polyandry than polygyny –Polgynandry is similar to promiscuity –When looking at their ancestors and sister taxa, evidence for polyandry or serial monogamy –Explains paradoxical behavioral differences Ex: lack of territoriality or male-based sexual size dimorphism