1. COSMOLOGY Dr Alan Duffy

2. So what is cosmology?

3. The study of the Universe on large scales to determine its origin, evolution and, ultimately, fate…

4. So what is cosmology? The study of the Universe on large scales to determine its origin, evolution and, ultimately, fate… Or, to misquote Douglas Adams; Not much about Life, mostly it’s the Universe and Everything in it

5. Image credit: IMAX

6. What do we know of the Universe?

7. The Universe is expanding

8. What do we know of the Universe? The Universe is expanding The Universe is made of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryons (atoms)

9. What do we know of the Universe? The Universe is expanding The Universe is made of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryons (atoms) The Universe is flat

10. What do we know of the Universe? The Universe is expanding The Universe is made of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryons (atoms) The Universe is flat The Universe is 13.8 billion years old

11. What do we know of the Universe? The Universe is expanding The Universe is made of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Baryons (atoms) The Universe is flat The Universe is 13.8 billion years old So how did we discover these facts?

12. The expanding Universe… How do we know it’s expanding?

13. H+H+ e- With thanks to Kirsten Gottschalk

14. The expanding Universe…

15. At rest

16. The expanding Universe… Away At rest

17. The expanding Universe… Away At rest Faster…

18. Image credit: Edwin Hubble, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 15 no. 3, pp.168-173 The expanding Universe… Hubble Distance [pc]

19. Image credit: Edwin Hubble, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 15 no. 3, pp.168-173 The expanding Universe… Hubble Distance [pc] V = H 0 D

20. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0

21. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0

22. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc]

23. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc] ~ 13.8 billion years

24. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc] ~ 13.8 billion years The Universe size is ~ c t H

25. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc] ~ 13.8 billion years The Universe size is ~ c t H ~ 13.8 billion light years

26. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc] ~ 13.8 billion years The Universe size is ~ c t H ~ 13.8 billion light years (however space has expanded during this time so the observable Universe is actually larger)

27. The expanding Universe… Hubble We can determine the age of the Universe using H 0 The Hubble time t H = 1/ H 0 ~ 1/ 70 [km/s /Mpc] ~ 13.8 billion years The Universe size is ~ c t H ~ 13.8 billion light years (however space has expanded during this time so the observable Universe is actually larger) What happens if H 0 is wrong…?

28. The expanding Universe… Hubble If we go back in time, we see that all galaxies originate from a point of near zero size

29. The expanding Universe… Hubble If we go back in time, we see that all galaxies originate from a point of near zero size Leads to a prediction of infinite density and temperature in the Early Universe…

30. The expanding Universe… Hubble If we go back in time, we see that all galaxies originate from a point of near zero size Leads to a prediction of infinite density and temperature in the Early Universe… Image credit: CBS

31. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team

32. ATOMS Image credit: NASA/ HST

33. ATOMS Image credit: NASA/ HST

34. ATOMS Image credit: NASA/ HST

35. DARK MATTER Image credit: RobertDalsanto.com

36. Image credit: NASA/ HST DARK MATTER Image credit: RobertDalsanto.com

37. Image credit: NASA/ HST Image credit: Icecube DARK MATTER Image credit: RobertDalsanto.com

38. Image credit: NASA/ HST DARK ENERGY

39. Image credit: Ned Wright Distance [Gpc]

40. Image credit: Ned Wright Distance [Gpc] Further away (dimmer) than expected

41. Cosmological Constant Λ

43. Image credit: CBS Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team

44. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team

45. During inflation, the Universe expands exponentially, enlarging quantum fluctuations to size of the Universe. Afterwards, scales re-enter as the Universe expands…

46. The fluctuations can be studied Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team l = 2l = 16

47. Image credit: Nolta et al 2009 LARGESMALL Power spectrum signal as a function of scale; l = 180 o /  obs RARE LIKELY

48. Image credit: Nolta et al 2009 LARGESMALL Hot plasma supports soundwaves RARE LIKELY Oscillations

49. Image credit: Nolta et al 2009 LARGESMALL So how do we know what size the blobs are meant to be? RARE LIKELY

50. Image credit: Nolta et al 2009 LARGESMALL The first peak is a wave that just fits within the horizon… RARE LIKELY rsrs

51. Image credit: Nolta et al 2009 LARGESMALL For scales larger than the Universe nothing can collapse so flat RARE LIKELY Flat

52. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team The Shape of the Universe

53. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team The Shape of the Universe Closed Open Flat

54. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team The Shape of the Universe

55. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team The Shape of the Universe ClosedOpenFlat

56. Image credit: NASA/ WMAP Science Team The Shape of the Universe ClosedOpenFlat

57. With thanks to Craig Booth

58. With thanks Volker Springel and Virgo Beard, Bourke and Duffy (OWLS)

59. 2dF GRS team

60. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 2 or 14 billion years old

61. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old

62. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old Shape of the Universe..?Open, Closed or Flat

63. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old Shape of the Universe..?Flat

64. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old Shape of the Universe..?Flat Dominant component..? Atoms, Dark Matter, Dark Energy

65. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old Shape of the Universe..?Flat Dominant component..? Dark Energy then..?Dark Matter or Atoms

66. Λ-CDM Cosmology What’s the age..? 13.8 billion years old Shape of the Universe..?Flat Dominant component..? Dark Energy Dark Matter Atoms

67. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe

68. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown.

69. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown. What was inflation?

70. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown. What was inflation? Will the Universe continue expanding forever? It depends if Einstein was right…

71. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown. What was inflation? Will the Universe continue expanding forever? It depends if Einstein was right… Phantom Dark Energy

72. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown. What was inflation? Will the Universe continue expanding forever? It depends if Einstein was right… Phantom Dark Energy Quintessence

73. Λ-CDM Cosmology Yet we’ve never known so little about our Universe 96% of the Universe is ‘Dark’, i.e. unknown. What was inflation? Will the Universe continue expanding forever? It depends if Einstein was right… Phantom Dark Energy Quintessence Maybe even General Relativity is wrong…

74. Thanks – questions?