1. Chapter 17 Lecture Slides
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2. Gonads are the ovaries and testes
The function is to form eggs and sperm
Other reproductive structures carry the sex cells to where they can meet and unite
Sexual maturation, formation of sex cells, and pregnancy are tightly controlled by hormones

3. 17.1 Male Reproductive System
Primary functions
Production of male hormones
Formation of sperm cells
Placement of sperm cells in the female reproductive tract

4. Organs of the male reproductive system
Paired testes
Ducts to store and transport sperm
Accessory glands
External accessory structures

5. Testis
Protected by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue
Also serves to divide testis into lobules
Each lobule holds several seminiferous tubules

6. Seminiferous tubules
Produces Sperm (Spermatogenesis)

7. Supporting (sustantacular) cells Interstitial cells
Support and nourish spermatogenic cells
Interstitial cells
Fills spaces between seminiferous tubules
Produce male sex hormones (testosterone)

8. Accessory Ducts Carry sperm from testes to outside of the body
Various types of ducts
Epididymus
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

10. Epididymis Vas Deferens Receives sperm from seminiferous tubules
Site of sperm maturation
Vas Deferens
Extends from epididymus, through inguinal canal, enters pelvic cavity,runs along lateral surface of bladder
Uses peristalsis to move sperm

11. Ejaculatory Duct Urethra
Forms by union of vas deferens and duct from seminal vesicles under the bladder
Passes through prostate gland and enters the urethra
Contracts to push sperm and fluids into urethra
Urethra
Extends from the urinary bladder to the end of the penis
Two roles
Transport urine
Carries semen during ejaculation
Cannot do both functions simultaneously

12. Accessory Glands
Three different glands make secretions involved in the reproductive process
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

13. Seminal Vesicles Paired glands whose duct merges with the vas deferens
Secrete an alkaline fluid
Help regulate pH of semen
Secrete fructose
Serves as energy source for sperm cells

14. Prostate Gland Doughnut-shaped gland encircling the urethra
Secretes into the urethra a milky fluid
Keeps sperm pH slightly alkaline
Activates swimming movements of sperm

15. Bulbourethral Glands Located near the base of the penis
In response to sexual stimulation, it secretes an alkaline, mucus like fluid into urethra
Neutralizes acidity of urethra
Lubricates the end of the penis

16. Semen Fluid that passes from urethra during ejaculation Composition
Sperm and secretions from all three glands
Slightly alkaline
Contains nutrients for sperm cells
Has molecules to activate sperm motility
Volume of ejaculate is 3-6ml with ~50 to 150 million sperms per ml

17. Scrotum
External sac of skin that holds the testes
Testes migrate into the scrotum during 7th month of development
Controlled by testosterone
Contains muscle fibers
Raise and lower the scrotum and testes
Adjusts temperature of the testes
Normal temperature is 3° degrees lower than body temperature

18. Penis
Copulatory organ that deposits sperm into female vagina
Composed of spongy erectile tissue
Corpora cavernosa: 2 columns located dorsally
Corpus spongiosum: located ventrally
Glans penis: tip of the penis
Prepuce: foreskin

19. 17.4 Female Reproductive System
Functions
Produces female sex hormones
Produces female sex cells (eggs)
Transports eggs to site where they can meet sperm
Provides environment for development of offspring
Actively involved in birthing process
Supplies offspring with nutrients after birth

20. Structures Paired ovaries Paired uterine tubes Uterus Vagina
Accessory glands
External organs

21. Ovaries Produces eggs (oocytes) and sex hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
Oogenesis (ova production)
Oocytes develop inside follicles and are released (one at a time) monthly during ovulation
The empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum.
Releases progesterone to prep the body for pregnancy
If no pregnancy, corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans

23. Uterine Tubes Extends from surface of ovary to the uterus
Infundibulum envelops the ovary
Possesses fimbriae
Inside lining possesses simple ciliated columnar epithelium
Draws the secondary oocyte into the infundibulum and towards the uterus

25. Uterus Posterior to bladder in pelvic cavity
Superior to the vagina and bent anteriorly over the bladder
Hollow organ with thick muscular walls
Provides an appropriate internal environment for a growing baby

26. Possesses two regions Cervix Body Inserts into vagina
Upper portion attached to uterine tubes

27. Uterine wall possesses three layers
Endometrium
Lines interior
Sheds during menstruation
Myometrium
Smooth muscle
Perimetrium
Covers the exterior surface

28. Vagina Collapsible tube extending from uterus to the outside
Posterior to urethra and anterior to rectum
Functions
Copulatory organ
Birth canal

29. External Accessory Structures
Vulva
Surrounds the urethral and vaginal openings
Labia majora
Paired folds of hair covered skin covering adipose and muscle
Join anteriorly at the mons pubis
Formed from same embryonic tissue as scrotum

31. Labia minora Vestibule
Paired, thinner, longitudinal folds medial to labia majora
Join anteriorly to form a covering over the clitoris
Vestibule
Narrow space between the labia minora
Possess openings for urethra and vagina
Vestibular glands, lateral to vagina, secrete into this space

32. Clitoris Nodule of erectile tissue at anterior union of labia minora
Corresponds to penis in males
Abundant in sensory endings leading to female sexual response