1. MODULE “COST ESTIMATION, CALCULATION AND COST CONTROL” SAFE DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”

2. 2 CONTENTS 1.Scope of the cost items 2.Evaluation of the costs for immediate decommissioning and for safe enclosure 3.Collective dose estimation

3. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”3 TRAINING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of training trainees should be able to:  List the factors and activities which impact to the scope of the costs.  Describe and compare the different factors and activities impact for immediate and for safe enclosure decommissioning options/strategies.  Explain collective dose estimation during safe enclosure and during immediate decommissioning.

4. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”4 COST ITEMS AND COST GROUPS  Cost items: Pre-decommissioning actions; Facility shutdown activities; Procurement of general equipment and material; Dismantling activities; Waste processing, storage and disposal; Site security, surveillance and maintenance; Site restoration, cleanup and landscaping; Project management, engineering and site support; Research and development; Fuel and nuclear material; Other costs.  Cost groups: Labour costs; Investment costs; Expenses; Contingency.

5. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”5 PRE-DECOMMISSIONING ACTIONS  Preliminary studies: The inventory of active materials; The inventory of non-active materials.  Cost assessments;  Technical concepts: Preliminary planning.

6. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”6 FACILITY SHUTDOWN ACTIVITIES  Defueling and transfer of fuel to the spent fuel pool of the units;  Removal of various operational wastes;  Study of systems which should be kept in operation;  Offering of spare parts and equipment that are inactive for sale on the market.

7. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”7 PROCUREMENT OF GENERAL EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL  General site dismantling equipment;  General equipment for personnel/tooling;  General radiological protection and health physics equipment; and  General security and maintenance equipment for long- term storage.

8. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”8 DISMANTLING ACTIVITIES  Decontamination of areas and equipment in buildings to facilitate dismantling;  Dismantling operations on reactor pressure vessel and internals;  Removal of primary and auxiliary systems;  Removal of biological/thermal shield;  Removal and disposal of asbestos;  Building decontamination;  Decontamination for recycling and reuse.

9. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”9 WASTE PROCESSING, STORAGE AND DISPOSAL  Starting point of decommissioning is when no operational wastes are left in the facility.  Radioactive waste generated during operations should be continuously processed.  The waste management costs are higher for model 213.  Large scale decommissioning activities may require that additional storage or disposal areas for conditioned radioactive waste are available.

10. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”10 SITE SECURITY, SURVEILLANCE AND MAINTENANCE  Site security operation and surveillance;  Inspection and maintenance of buildings and systems in operation;  Site upkeep;  Energy and water;  Periodic radiation and environmental survey.

11. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”11 SITE RESTORATION, CLEANUP AND LANDSCAPING  Activated buildings – decontamination;  Demolition of buildings – if required;  Using of concrete debris: for backfilling of voids and cavities; may be recycled in the non-nuclear industry.

12. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”12 PROJECT MANAGEMENT, ENGINEERING AND SITE SUPPORT  Selection of main contractor: a newly established organisation; an organisation derived from the former operator.  Defining of the management of the decommissioning project;  Defining of the organisational structure during decommissioning;  Distribution of the work between the responsible organisation and the potential subcontractor(s).

13. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”13 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT  2 opinions concerning the necessity for any research and development activity: there should be no need for any research and development activity; there is a continuous need to make progress in this area.  Unit-specific research and development work for WWER- 440 reactors – in the area of activation of the reactor pressure vessel and its biological shield.

14. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”14 FUEL AND NUCLEAR MATERIAL  Handling of spent fuel is practically independent from the chosen decommissioning option;  A spent fuel pool storage;  An interim spent fuel storage: type – a wet or a dry storage unit; capacity.

15. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”15 OTHER COSTS  Staff reduction programmes;  Re-assignment/-training programmes;  Key employee retention/incentive programmes;  Various taxes.

16. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”16 COST CATEGORIES  Labour costs;  Capital, equipment and material costs (investment costs);  Expenses;  Contingency.

17. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”17 COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONIG Main cost item Name of the main cost item Decommissioning costs in MUSD/1998 ArmeniaGermanySlovak R.FinlandHungarySlovak R. 440/270440/230 440/213 01.Pre-decommissioning actions*29.47.4 9.27.4 02.Facility shutdown activities4.1490.83.131.458.33.1 03.Procurement of general equipment4.010.97.28.29.47.2 04.Dismantling activities28.0197.053.493.0100.159.1 05.Waste processing, storage and …53.3498.1106.942.7262.1113.3 06.Site security, surveillance and …14.753.722.58.015.822.5 07.Site restoration, cleanup and …25.014.575.1n.r.94.197.7 08.Project management49.217.534.06.026.434.0 09.Research and development*0.06.2n.r.2.66.2 10.Fuel and nuclear material34.058.0n.r.11.026.9n.r. 11.Other costs0.2n.a.11.211.527.211.2 Total:212.51369.9327.0219.2632.1361.7

18. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”18 SUMMARISED DECOMMISSIONING COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONING

19. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”19 EVALUATION OF THE COSTS FOR IMMEDIATE DECOMMISSIONING  Post-operational and site operation activities until the end of the project, starting at the unplanned shutdown;  Construction and operation of the interim storage, processing of operational waste and waste disposal costs;  The costs for defuelling and interim storage of removed fuel in containers;  The higher labour costs as compared to other countries in the study.

20. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”20 COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSURE Main cost item Name of the main cost item Decommissioning costs in MUSD/1998 ArmeniaBulgariaRussian F.Slovak R.Czech R.FinlandHungaryRussian F.Slovak R.Ukraine 440/270440/230 440/213 01.Pre-decommissioning actions*18.720.67.41.57.49.220.67.43.4 02.Facility shutdown activities4.127.1**3.12.724.853.6**3.16.9 03.Procurement of general equipment 4.05.0n.a.7.83.48.210.0n.a.7.86.8 04.Dismantling activities28.1151.9165.255.414.983.0 148.761.327.9 05.Waste processing, storage and …47.610.713.686.017.340.084.113.692.6136.5 06.Site security, surveillance and …24.147.3**24.470.369.045.5**24.413.0 07.Site restoration, cleanup and …25.072.038.575.195.4n.r.94.134.697.76.8 08.Project management90.810.5**34.0**7.028.3**34.05.6 09.Research and development*n.a.9.56.24.2n.r.2.19.56.22.0 10.Fuel and nuclear material34.010.8***0.0 11.026.9***0.0n.a. 11.Other costs0.85.1225.611.20.217.132.223.011.265.9 Total:258.4359.1273.0310.6209.9267.5469.0250.0345.6274.8

21. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”21 SUMMARISED DECOMMISSIONING COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSURE

22. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”22 EVALUATION OF THE COSTS FOR SAFE ENCLOSURE  Scattering is smaller than for immediate decommissioning;  There seems to be remarkable agreement between the costs for a couple of countries.

23. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”23 COLLECTIVE DOSE ESTIMATION  Immediate decommissioning: An average value- 19 man Sv; The maximum value- 34 man Sv in case of the model 270 in Armenia.  Safe enclosure: The lowest value- 2 man Sv in Finland; The highest value- 21 man Sv in Slovakia.

24. Project BG/04/B/F/PP-166005, Programme “Leonardo da Vinci”24 REFERENCES  Decommissioning Costs of WWER-440 Nuclear Power Plants. Interim report: Data Collection and preliminary Evaluations, IAEA-TECDOC-1322 (2002)