1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1

2. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Outline Final next Monday (9:45). bring a scantron; good eraser, or extra scantron; sharp pencils calculator Dark Energy Review

3. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College3 Probable Job Opportunity The Academic Success Program regularly funds Astronomy Tutors/ Study Group leaders. If you might be interested in this for next fall, please let me know via email.

4. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College4 Test Topics (recent/new) Chapter 13 - Neutron Stars and Black Holes Shwarzschild radius Chapter 14 - The Milky way Size and Shape Spectroscopic parallax Cepheid variables Mass and dark matter

5. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College5 Test Topics (recent/new) Chapter 15 - Normal and Active Galaxies Standard Candles Tully-Fisher relationship Type I supernova Quasars Chapter 16 - Hubble’s Law and Dark Matter Hubble’s law Distance ladder Large scale structure

6. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College6 Test Topics (recent/new) Chapter 17 - Cosmology Big Bang Age of the universe Critical density & fate of universe

7. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College7 Chapter 17 Cosmology

8. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College8 Chapter 17 Ultra Deep Field - more than 1000 galaxies are in this picture. Total estimate for the universe - ~40,000,000,000.

9. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College9 Cosmology How big is the universe? How long has it been here? How did it start? How long will it last?

10. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College10 The Fate of the Universe Will it keep expanding forever? Will gravity cause it to collapse?

11. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College11 Figure 17.5 Escape Velocity With enough initial velocity, a spacecraft will “escape” from the Earth With insufficient velocity, gravity will bring it back to Earth.

12. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College12 Figure 17.6 Model Universes

13. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College13 The Fate of the Universe A high density universe will collapse again into a Big Crunch. A low density universe will continue to expand forever. Critical density - boundary between the two cases. (9x10 -27 kg/m 3 = ~5 atoms/m 3 ) The ratio of the actual density to the critical density is called  o, the critical density parameter.

14. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College14 The Fate of the Universe If you can determine the density of the universe, you can determine if there will be a Big Crunch or not.

15. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College15 The Fate of the Universe If you can determine the density of the universe, you can determine if there will be a Big Crunch or not. However - most of the matter in the universe is dark!

16. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College16 The Fate of the Universe If you can determine the density of the universe, you can determine if there will be a Big Crunch or not. However - most of the matter in the universe is dark! Even with dark matter estimates, it appears that  o < 1.0, if that is all you look at...

17. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College17 The Accelerating Universe

18. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College18 Figure 17.7 Accelerating Universe If the universe is “slowing down” because of gravity, distant objects (as seen in the past) should be moving faster. Recent measurements show this is not the case - something is accelerating everything. That “something” is called Dark Energy. This “dark energy” is not understood at all.

19. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College19 Discovery 17-1 The Cosmological Constant

20. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College20 Figure 17.8 Cosmic Age

21. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College21 l http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/52 5347 http://www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/52 5347

22. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College22 Current Status of the Universe Expanding (and accelerating!) - looks like no big crunch for us. Composition - looks like  o =1, the critical density parameter. Normal Matter ~ 4% Mostly H and He Dark Matter ~23% Dark Energy ~73%

23. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College23 Big Bang Events Inflation - needed to get a uniform density in the universe. (<~10 -32 s!) Nucleosynthesis - most of the He (~25% of normal matter) formed in the first 15 minutes of the universe. The rest was left as H. Microwave Decoupling (atom formation) - once electrons joined the nuclei, then photons were no longer scattered and the universe became transparent. After a few 10,000s of years. Large Scale Structure - normal matter “clumps” around the dark matter. Finally acceleration by dark energy.

24. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College24 The concept that on the grandest of scales, the universe is similar in appearance everywhere is: A) general relativity. B) special relativity. C) homogeneity. D) isotropy. E) universality.

25. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College25 The concept that on the grandest of scales, the universe is similar in appearance everywhere is: A) general relativity. B) special relativity. C) homogeneity. D) isotropy. E) universality.

26. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College26 ADT

27. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College27 How confident were you about your answers on the Astronomy Diagnostic Test A) very confident. B) somewhat confident. C) not very confident. D) just guessing.

28. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College28 Why is it cold at the North Pole, even during northern hemisphere summer? 1 - Because the “pole” itself doesn’t point very close to the direction of the Sun 2 - Because there are fewer daylight hours at the pole than at lower latitudes (e.g., Durango) 3 - Because of the high altitude at the pole 4 - Because the pole is further away from the Sun than lower latitudes are (e.g., Durango)

29. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College29 Why is it cold at the North Pole, even during northern hemisphere summer? 1 - Because the “pole” itself doesn’t point very close to the direction of the Sun 2 - Because there are fewer daylight hours at the pole than at lower latitudes (e.g., Durango) 3 - Because of the high altitude at the pole 4 - Because the pole is further away from the Sun than lower latitudes are (e.g., Durango)

30. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College30 Star A has a parallax shift of 0.4 arc second Star B has a parallax shift of 0.6 arc seconds 1: B is 1.5 times as far away as A 2: Star A is at a distance of 4 parsecs (pc) 3: Star B is at a distance of 1.66 parsecs (pc) 4: Star A is 0.4 times as far away as B

31. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College31 Star A has a parallax shift of 0.4 arc second Star B has a parallax shift of 0.6 arc seconds 1: B is 1.5 times as far away as A 2: Star A is at a distance of 4 parsecs (pc) 3: Star B is at a distance of 1.66 parsecs (pc) 4: Star A is 0.4 times as far away as B

32. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College32 Which is correct? 1 - The new moon rises at noon. 2 - The first quarter moon rises at noon. 3 - The full moon rises at noon. 4 - The third quarter moon rises at noon.

33. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College33 Which is correct? 1 - The new moon rises at noon. 2 - The first quarter moon rises at noon. 3 - The full moon rises at noon. 4 - The third quarter moon rises at noon.

34. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College34 In Paris, France (50 degrees north latitude), what is the longest day of the year? 1: March 21 2: June 21 3: September 21 4: December 21

35. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College35 In Paris, France (50 degrees north latitude), what is the longest day of the year? 1: March 21 2: June 21 3: September 21 4: December 21

36. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College36 Where along the horizon does the Sun rise on June 21 in Paris, France? 1: Due east 2: North of east 3: South of east 4: Can’t tell with information given

37. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College37 Where along the horizon does the Sun rise on June 21 in Paris, France? 1: Due east 2: North of east 3: South of east 4: Can’t tell with information given

38. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College38 Where along the horizon does the Sun rise on June 21 in Sydney, Australia? 1: Due east 2: North of east 3: South of east 4: Can’t tell with information given

39. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College39 Where along the horizon does the Sun rise on June 21 in Sydney, Australia? 1: Due east 2: North of east 3: South of east 4: Can’t tell with information given

40. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College40 On December 21, in Durango, if there is a full moon, where does it rise? 1: Due east 2: Almost due east (within 5 degrees) 3: South of east (by more than 5 degrees) 4: North of east (by more than 5 degrees)

41. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College41 On December 21, in Durango, if there is a full moon, where does it rise? 1: Due east 2: Almost due east (within 5 degrees) 3: South of east (by more than 5 degrees) 4: North of east (by more than 5 degrees)

42. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College42 On December 21, in Australia, if there is a full moon, where does it rise? 1: Due east 2: Almost due east (within 5 degrees) 3: South of east (by more than 5 degrees) 4: North of east (by more than 5 degrees)

43. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College43 On December 21, in Australia, if there is a full moon, where does it rise? 1: Due east 2: Almost due east (within 5 degrees) 3: South of east (by more than 5 degrees) 4: North of east (by more than 5 degrees)

44. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College44 A 5 meter (diameter) telescope 1 : gathers 5 times as much light as a 1 m telescope 2 : gathers 1/2 as much light as a 10 m telescope 3 : gathers 4 times as much light as a 2.5 m telescope 4 : gathers 5/2 as much light as a 2 m telescope

45. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College45 A 5 meter (diameter) telescope 1 : gathers 5 times as much light as a 1 m telescope 2 : gathers 1/2 as much light as a 10 m telescope 3 : gathers 4 times as much light as a 2.5 m telescope 4 : gathers 5/2 as much light as a 2 m telescope

46. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College46 Which statement about planetary orbits is incorrect? A) All planets orbit the Sun counterclockwise. B) Most stay close to the earth's equator in the sky. C) Most orbits are almost circular, with low eccentricities. D) All have the Sun at one focus of their elliptical orbits. E) Most also rotate counterclockwise on their axes as well.

47. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College47 Which statement about planetary orbits is incorrect? A) All planets orbit the Sun counterclockwise. B) Most stay close to the earth's equator in the sky. C) Most orbits are almost circular, with low eccentricities. D) All have the Sun at one focus of their elliptical orbits. E) Most also rotate counterclockwise on their axes as well.

48. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College48 Iron meteorites are believed to come from: A) the core of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. B) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. C) a broken up cometary nucleus. D) debris from the Kuiper Belt. E) interstellar space.

49. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College49 Iron meteorites are believed to come from: A) the core of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. B) the crust of a differentiated asteroid, now broken up. C) a broken up cometary nucleus. D) debris from the Kuiper Belt. E) interstellar space.

50. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College50 Long-period comets are believed to originally come from: A) the asteroid belt. B) the Kuiper belt. C) the Oort cloud. D) the satellite system of Jupiter. E) the interstellar medium.

51. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College51 Long-period comets are believed to originally come from: A) the asteroid belt. B) the Kuiper belt. C) the Oort cloud. D) the satellite system of Jupiter. E) the interstellar medium.

52. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College52 The impact of a fragile body in June 1908 produced a huge explosion over: A) northern Canada. B) Alaska. C) Siberia. D) Mars. E) the Moon.

53. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College53 The impact of a fragile body in June 1908 produced a huge explosion over: A) northern Canada. B) Alaska. C) Siberia. D) Mars. E) the Moon.

54. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College54 In what part of the atmosphere does life occur? A) exosphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) ionosphere E) troposphere

55. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College55 In what part of the atmosphere does life occur? A) exosphere B) stratosphere C) mesosphere D) ionosphere E) troposphere

56. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College56 Which planet shows the widest range of surface temperatures between day and night? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) Uranus

57. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College57 Which planet shows the widest range of surface temperatures between day and night? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) Uranus

58. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College58 Which body has the densest atmosphere? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) our Moon

59. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College59 Which body has the densest atmosphere? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) our Moon

60. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College60 Which of these gets brightest; so bright as to be seen during daylight at times? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Mars D) Jupiter E) Saturn

61. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College61 Which of these gets brightest; so bright as to be seen during daylight at times? A) Mercury B) Venus C) Mars D) Jupiter E) Saturn

62. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College62 Assume a planet orbits exactly three times as far from the Sun as the Earth. 1 - It’s period is 3 years exactly. 2 - It’s period is between 3 and 5 years 3 - It’s period is between 5 and 7 years 4 - It’s period is 7 years or more.

63. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College63 Assume a planet orbits exactly three times as far from the Sun as the Earth. 1 - It’s period is 3 years exactly. 2 - It’s period is between 3 and 5 years 3 - It’s period is between 5 and 7 years 4 - It’s period is 7 years or more.

64. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College64 Two planets have orbits with the same sized semi-major axis. Which is true? 1 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit moves faster all the time. 2 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit moves faster some of the time. 3 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit never moves faster. 4 - Not enough information to answer.

65. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College65 Two planets have orbits with the same sized semi-major axis. Which is true? 1 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit moves faster all the time. 2 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit moves faster some of the time. 3 - The planet with the most eccentric orbit never moves faster. 4 - Not enough information to answer.

66. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College66 A fast moving freight train hits a car. The car is destroyed and the train isn’t, so… 1 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is greater than the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 2 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is smaller than the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 3 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is equal to the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 4 - none of the preceding

67. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College67 A fast moving freight train hits a car. The car is destroyed and the train isn’t, so… 1 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is greater than the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 2 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is smaller than the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 3 - the magnitude of the force of the train on the car is equal to the magnitude of the force of the car on the train 4 - none of the preceding

68. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College68 Which has the most kinetic energy? 1: A 1 kg Mass with velocity 4 m / s. 2: A 2 kg Mass with velocity 3 m / s. 3: A 3 kg Mass with velocity 2 m / s. 4: A 4 kg Mass with velocity 1 m / s.

69. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College69 Which has the most kinetic energy? 1: A 1 kg Mass with velocity 4 m / s. 2: A 2 kg Mass with velocity 3 m / s. 3: A 3 kg Mass with velocity 2 m / s. 4: A 4 kg Mass with velocity 1 m / s.

70. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College70 Which mass pair has the greatest gravitational force between them? 1: A 5M solar mass and a 4M solar mass separated by 4 AU. 1: A 4M solar mass and a 3M solar mass separated by 3 AU. 1: A 3M solar mass and a 2M solar mass separated by 2 AU. 1: A 2M solar mass and a 1M solar mass separated by 1 AU.

71. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College71 Which mass pair has the greatest gravitational force between them? 1: A 5M solar mass and a 4M solar mass separated by 4 AU. 1: A 4M solar mass and a 3M solar mass separated by 3 AU. 1: A 3M solar mass and a 2M solar mass separated by 2 AU. 1: A 2M solar mass and a 1M solar mass separated by 1 AU.

72. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College72 Two planets have orbits with the same periods. Which is true? 1 - Their velocities must be the same. 2 - They must have the same eccentricity. 3 - They must have the same semi-major axis. 4 - They must collide with each other.

73. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College73 Two planets have orbits with the same periods. Which is true? 1 - Their velocities must be the same. 2 - They must have the same eccentricity. 3 - They must have the same semi-major axis. 4 - They must collide with each other.

74. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College74 Temperature l Which feels hotter? 1: 300° F2: 300° C3: 300° K

75. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College75 Temperature l Which feels hotter? 1: 300° F2: 300° C3: 300° K (Fahrenheit)(Celsius) (Kelvin)

76. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College76 Assume that the Sun rises at 6:00 A.M. What time does the third quarter Moon rise? 1: 9:00 A.M. 2: 12:00 noon 3: 9:00 P.M. 4: 12:00 midnight

77. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College77 Assume that the Sun rises at 6:00 A.M. What time does the third quarter Moon rise? 1: 9:00 A.M. 2: 12:00 noon 3: 9:00 P.M. 4: 12:00 midnight

78. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College78 You are in Paris, France (50 degrees north latitude), on June 21. l What is the highest angle above the horizon that the Sun achieves? 1: 16.5° above the Southern horizon 2: 26.5° above the Southern horizon 3: 63.5° above the Southern horizon 4: 73.5° above the Southern horizon

79. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College79 You are in Paris, France (50 degrees north latitude), on June 21. l What is the highest angle above the horizon that the Sun achieves? 1: 16.5° above the Southern horizon 2: 26.5° above the Southern horizon 3: 63.5° above the Southern horizon 4: 73.5° above the Southern horizon

80. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College80 Observing from a latitude of 25° North 1 - The star Polaris appears about 65° above the horizon. 2 - The celestial equator has a maximum height of 65° above the horizon. 3 - The star Polaris appears about 25° north of the zenith point. 4 - The celestial equator has a maximum height of 25° above the horizon.

81. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College81 Observing from a latitude of 25° North 1 - The star Polaris appears about 65° above the horizon. 2 - The celestial equator has a maximum height of 65° above the horizon. 3 - The star Polaris appears about 25° north of the zenith point. 4 - The celestial equator has a maximum height of 25° above the horizon.

82. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College82 The universe became transparent to radiation during: A)Nucleosynthesis B)Decoupling C)Structure Formation D)Cosmic Acceleration

83. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College83 According to standard Big Bang theory, if H o =50km/s/Mpc, the maximum universe age is: A)12 billion years B)14 billion years C)17 billion years D)20 billion years