1. African Civil Wars in 1990s Sierra Leone as an example

2. Timeline of key events: Before British colonization 1462-Sierra Leone got its name when a Portuguese explorer sailed down the coast of West Africa. 1462-Sierra Leone got its name when a Portuguese explorer sailed down the coast of West Africa. 1787 - British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves. 1787 - British abolitionists and philanthropists establish a settlement in Freetown for repatriated and rescued slaves. 1792-1808 - Freetown settlement becomes crown colony. 1792-1808 - Freetown settlement becomes crown colony.

3. Timeline of key events: British Colonization (1808-1961) 1896 - Britain sets up a protectorate over the Freetown hinterland. 1896 - Britain sets up a protectorate over the Freetown hinterland. 1898- Hut Tax War 1898- Hut Tax War 1951-The first election, SLPP won. 1951-The first election, SLPP won. 1954 - Sir Milton Margai, leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief minister. 1954 - Sir Milton Margai, leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party, appointed chief minister. 1960- Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London. 1960- Sir Milton Margai led the Sierra Leone delegation at the constitutional conferences that were held with British Colonial Secretary Iain Macleod in London.

4. Ethnic problems during British colonization Creoles: Free slaves from many places who were educated by British missions Indigenous: 18 ethnic groups, eg. Mendes (South and East) Temnes (North) British Subjects British Protected persons ChristianMuslim Privileged to pariah group Mendes-SLPPTemne-APC

5. Timeline of key events: Post- Independence (1961-1991)-1 1961 - Sierra Leone becomes independent. 1961 - Sierra Leone becomes independent. 1967 - Military coup – Sergeant ’ s revolt-- deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' government. 1967 - Military coup – Sergeant ’ s revolt-- deposes Premier Siaka Stevens' government. 1968 - Siaka Stevens returns to power at the head of a civilian government following another military coup. 1968 - Siaka Stevens returns to power at the head of a civilian government following another military coup. 1971 - Sierra Leone declared a republic, Stevens becomes executive president. 1971 - Sierra Leone declared a republic, Stevens becomes executive president.

6. Timeline of key events: Post- Independence (1961-1991)-2 1978 - New constitution proclaims Sierra Leone a one-party state with the A P C as the sole legal party. 1978-1985 patron- client politics 1978 - New constitution proclaims Sierra Leone a one-party state with the A P C as the sole legal party. 1978-1985 patron- client politics 1985 - Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh becomes president following Stevens's retirement. 1985 - Major-General Joseph Saidu Momoh becomes president following Stevens's retirement. 1987 - Momoh declares state of economic emergency. 1987 - Momoh declares state of economic emergency.

7. Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War (1991-2001) -1 1991 - Start of civil war. Former army corporal Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin campaign against President Momoh, capturing towns on border with Liberia. 1991 - Start of civil war. Former army corporal Foday Sankoh and his Revolutionary United Front (RUF) begin campaign against President Momoh, capturing towns on border with Liberia. 1992 - President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser announces plans for the first multi- party elections since 1967. 1992 - President Joseph Momoh ousted in military coup led by Captain Valentine Strasser. Under international pressure, Strasser announces plans for the first multi- party elections since 1967.

8. Timeline of key events: Coups and Civil War (1991-2001)-2 1996 - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected president in February, signs peace accord with Sankoh's rebels in November. 1996 - Ahmad Tejan Kabbah elected president in February, signs peace accord with Sankoh's rebels in November. 1997 - Peace deal unravels. President Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah flees to Guinea to mobilize international support. 1997 - Peace deal unravels. President Kabbah deposed by army in May. Kabbah flees to Guinea to mobilize international support. 2001 May - Disarmament of rebels begins, and British-trained Sierra Leone army starts deploying in rebel-held areas. 2001 May - Disarmament of rebels begins, and British-trained Sierra Leone army starts deploying in rebel-held areas.

9. International Intervention UN projects UN projects UNOMSIL (1998-1999)- monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. UNOMSIL (1998-1999)- monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone, as well as the disarmament and demobilization of former combatants. UNHCHR-Humanitarian help UNHCHR-Humanitarian help FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency needs and support economic & social development FAO and UNWFP-Food aid that meet emergency needs and support economic & social development ECOMOG & Nigeria ECOMOG & Nigeria Liberia — Charles Taylor Liberia — Charles Taylor Mercenary Mercenary Sandline (UK) — supplies "logistical support", including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah allies. Sandline (UK) — supplies "logistical support", including rifles and intelligence, to Kabbah allies. Executive Outcomes — (SA) hired by Strasser to repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines Executive Outcomes — (SA) hired by Strasser to repel the RUF and reconquer rutile mines

10. References http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1065898.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1065898.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1065898.stm http://www.sierra-leone.org/ http://www.sierra-leone.org/ http://www.sierra-leone.org/ http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unoms il/Unomsil.htm http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unoms il/Unomsil.htm http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unoms il/Unomsil.htm http://www.un.org/Depts/DPKO/Missions/unoms il/Unomsil.htm 嚴震生，「九 ○ 年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內因 素及國際介入」，問題與研究（台北），第三十 八卷第十二期（ 1999-12 ），頁 29-53 。 嚴震生，「九 ○ 年代獅子山的衝突及內戰：國內因 素及國際介入」，問題與研究（台北），第三十 八卷第十二期（ 1999-12 ），頁 29-53 。