1. In the Age of Absolutism
Absolute Monarchs
In the Age of Absolutism

2. Definitions:
Absolute Monarchy: Form of government in which one person, usually a King or Queen holds all the power without constitutional checks
Devine Right: The belief that Monarchs get their right to rule from God.

3. Philip II of Spain Son of Charles V Dutch Revolt Four Wives
Spanish Armada 1588
Armada is disaster
Philip Vs. Elizabeth I
Economic problems (costly wars and expulsion of Jews & Muslims) lead to decline

4. FRANCE:
1560s-1590s: Religious conflict between Catholics & French protestants called Huguenots. Ended with Edict of Nantes: granted Huguenots religious tolerance.
Cardinal Richelieu – strengthened central government in France & built relationship between Catholic Church and King.

5. Louis XIV of France Built Versailles Inherits throne at age 5
Reigns for 72 years
Known as the “Sun King”
Built Versailles
Spared no expense
Economy dwindles
Revoked Edict of Nantes
Defines Absolute Monarch
“I am the state.”

6. Versailles

7. Elizabeth I of England Daughter of Henry VIII
Called the “Virgin Queen”
Unmarried and childless
Ruled England during “The Golden Age”
Victory in Spanish Armada
Expanded Protestantism

8. England James I – takes over after Elizabeth
He believes in divine right and King’s claim to absolute power.
Parliament fought with him over it.
Charles I – son of James, continues the course.
Imprisoned without trial (Checkpoint ?)
Dissolved parliament.

9. The Long Parliament
Declared parliament could not be destroyed without its own consent.
Result was Civil War
Charles I supporters = Cavilers
Parliament supporters = Roundheads, their leader was Oliver Cromwell (Checkpoint ?)

10. England’s Civil War Roundheads win.
King Charles I is executed. (Checkpoint ?)
English Republic established called, The Commonwealth
Cromwell becomes a virtual dictator.
He persecutes Catholics

11. Return of the Monarchy The Commonwealth dies with Cromwell
England’s “kingless decade” ended with the return of Charles II to the monarchy.
James II inherited the crown from his brother in 1685.
Fears of James II’s Catholic ties forced Parliament to invite William and Mary (James’ daughter) to take the crown in (Checkpoint ?)

12. Glorious Revolution
When William and Mary were made joint sovereigns (1689), they agreed to an English Bill of Rights, which opened the road to constitutional monarchy.

13. Thirty Years’ War
Series of Wars brought on by religious conflicts of the Protestant Reformation.
Peace and land distribution was established in the Treaty of Westphalia.

14. AUSTRIA:
After 30yrs. War ( actually a series of wars throughout Europe ) German lands were divided in what once was “The Holy Roman Empire”
The land of the Hapsburgs had never developed a centralized government.
The first to strike was Frederick II of Prussia. That sparked the 8 year War of Austrian Succession.

15. Maria Theresa of Austria
Preserved the Austrian Empire when she came to rule at 56 years old.
Famous children
Joseph II, Leopold, Marie Antoinette.
Vienna became a center for arts and music
Reforms:
Educational
Torture abolished

16. Seven Years’ War
The Seven Years' War was a conflict that pitted Britain and Prussia against Austria, France, Russia, and Spain. It was an extension of the War of Austria.
During this time, Britain and France continued their long struggle for naval and colonial supremacy.

17. Prussia
After the Peace of Westphalia, Hohenzollern rulers formed a Protestant region called Prussia in Northern Germany.
Frederick I – Prussian leader that had loyalty of Prussian nobles called Junkers.
He stressed militarism.

18. Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia
Personal interest in music and the arts
Military emphasis
Makes Prussia a great power
Doubles area of country
War with Austria
Enlightened Reforms:
Religious tolerance
Freedom of Press

19. Peter the Great of Russia
Traveled to Europe to study ways of West
Westernized Russia
Strengthened military
Rebels were tortured and executed
Expanded borders
Baltic Sea port
Develops St. Petersburg
“Window to the West”

20. Peter’s relationship with landowners.
Boyars (Russia’s landowning nobles) were forced to shave beards and wear Western clothing.
Peter allowed them to keep land and their serfs / slaves.
Encouraged Russian exports, and set up trade companies and water routes with canals.

21. Catherine the Great of Russia
Came to power after the murder of her mentally unstable husband in 1762.
Encouraged education.
More peasants were forced into serfdom.
Acquired warm-water port at the Black Sea.
(which Peter couldn’t do)

22. Partition of Poland
Between 1772 and 1795 the rulers of Austria, Russia, and Prussia agreed to split Poland amongst themselves.