1. Islam
Chapter 10, section 1-2

2. Background Arabian Peninsula Africa, Europe, Asia
Early people: Bedouins (nomads)
600s Arabs settle in towns
Become centers for long distance trade
Connected sea and land routes
Mecca was important stop on trade routes

3. Muhammad’s background
Born in Mecca
Orphaned at 6
Raised by grandfather and uncle
Caravan trader
Business manager for Khadijah, a wealthy business woman, who later became his wife

4. Muhammad’s Revelation
Meditating in a cave at age 40
Angel Gabriel -told him that he was a messenger of God
Muhammad believed he was the last of the prophets
Began to teach that the one and only God was Allah
613 Began preaching publically

5. Followers of Muhammad’s Message
Islam
“Submission to the will of Allah”
Muslim
“One who has submitted”
Hijrah
622 Muhammad and followers left hostility in Mecca
Migrated north to Yathrib, later called Medina
“city of the prophet”

6. Key Beliefs
Allah is the one and only God and Muhammad is his prophet. People achieve salvation by following the Five Pillars of Islam and living a just life.
Monotheistic
Qur’an: Holy book
Sunna: Muhammad’s example- model for proper living
Shari’a: body of law

7. What is Shari’a? –Islamic law -Regulates family life, Moral conduct and business matters
The straight path to God
Describes limit of acceptable behaviour
Sin - offence against God. Crossing boundary
Shirk
Zalim
Lying, cursing, envy
Only God can forgive sin if sincerely repent
Judgment day
Punishment
Deterrance
Reform of criminal
Protect society

8. Content of Shari’a Body of law Authority for law Family Nation
Dhimmi status for non-Muslims
International law
Authority for law
Qur’an
Sunnah
Hadith
Practices of the Prophet
Schools of law

9. Religious matters are not separate from criminal or civil matters
Qadis- Islamic Judges who apply law
Imams – interpret law

10. Five Pillars of Islam Faith Prayer 5 x day toward Mecca Mosque
Alms –pay tax for poor (zakat)
Fasting: Ramadan
Pilgrimage: Hajj (journey to Mecca required to take)

11. Muhammad’s Successors
Muhammad died without naming a successor (632)
Abu-Bakr elected the first caliph
Four “Rightly Guided” Caliphs all expanded Muslim territory
Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Knew Muhammad and supported his mission

12. Expansion of the Muslim Empire

13. Expansion of the Muslim Empire
Army Success
Faith of soldiers, willing to fight to defend Islam
Discipline, training, good leadership
Weakness of Persian and Byzantine Empire
Treatment of Conquered People
No forced conversion
Qur’an forbade forced conversion
Many people converted because of message
Economic benefit because no poll tax
Special treatment for people of the book (Jews and Christians)
Religious tolerance (but not allowed to spread religion)

14. Internal Conflict = Crisis
Conflict over succession
Uthman murdered in 656
Division over successor
Ali was next caliph (relative of Muhammad) murdered 661
Umayyad Rule
Came to power and established hereditary system of succession
(ended election of caliph)
Moved Muslim capital to Damascus in Syria
Rule led to split between Muslims

15. Islamic Sects Sunnis Shi’a “Followers of Muhammad’s Example”
Chosen leader can serve as caliph
Did not outwardly resist Umayyad rule
Shi’a
“Party of Allah”
Caliph needed to be a relative of the Prophet, Muhammad
Resisted Umayyad rule
Islamic Sects

16. What is jihad? Jihad means ‘struggle in the way of Allah.’
Purpose is to establish peace
Greater jihad
Religious life
Perfect self before changing society
Lesser jihad
Struggle to remove evil, injustice
Speak out against injustice
Defend Islam from attack
Spead Islam by creating environment where easier to convert
Majahid - person who dies doing jihad

17. When can war be called jihad?
Started by a religious leader
Backing of ummah
Defensive
Peaceful means exhausted
Not to gain converts
Religious sites protected
Innocent not at risk
Not to gain land or power
Environment protected

18. Transition and Trade
Rebel groups overthrew Umayyads in 750 and Abbasids took control
Abbasids moved capital to Baghdad
Muslims created a vast network of trade
Used the silk road and explored Europe

19. Islamic Contributions and Advancements
Art and Literature: Arabic,calligraphy, poetry
Urban Life: cities grew to learning centers, linked through trade network
Society: 4 social classes, protected women’s rights, tolerance for other religions
Science and Math: House of Wisdom, medical advances, growth of math and astronomy, Algebra