1. Selection Structures (if & switch statements) (CS1123)

2. Selection Structures
Condition
True
False
Do Step A
Do Step B

3. In C++, there are three types of selection statements:
one-way
two-way
multi-way

4. One-Way Decisions
One-way decisions either do some particular thing or do nothing at all. The decision is based on a logical expression which either evaluates to true or false, a value of 1 or a value of 0, respectively.
Recall that a logical expression always evaluate to a value of true or false; in C++, a nonzero value is always true, and a value of zero is always false.
If the logical expression is evaluated to true, then the corresponding statement is executed; if the logical expression evaluates to false, control goes to the next executable statement.

5. If statement (One Way)
- Syntax of if with single-statement body

6. If statement (One Way)
- Syntax of if with multiple-statements body

7. Examples…. (if, one-way)
Write a program to calculate tax collection according to the following formula:
5% Tax, if salary is above 50000
3% Tax , if salary is between and 50000
2% Tax, is salary is between less than 30000
In the end the program should print the calculated tax.

8. Two way decisions
Two-way decisions either do one particular thing or do another. Similar to one-way decisions, the decision is based on a logical expression.

9. If statement (Two-Way)
- Syntax of if with single-statement body
Executed when condition is true
Executed when condition is false

10. If statement (Two-Way)
- Syntax of if with single-statement body
Executed when condition is true
Executed when condition is false

11. Example 1:
int c = 10;
if (c >= 0) {
cout << "c is a positive or neutral integer" << endl; }
else
cout << "c is a negative integer" << endl;

12. Example 2:
int num = 100;
if (num % 2 == 0) {
cout << "num is an even integer" << endl; }
else
cout << "num is an odd integer" << endl;
Practical

13. Examples…. (if, Two-way)
Write a program that squares a number (entered by user), if it is between 10 and 100. For all other numbers, an Error message is shown and program terminates.

14. Examples…. (if, Two-way)
Write a payroll program using following rules:
Hourly rate: 100 (rupees)
If an employee works 40 hours or fewer, he is paid regular pay (hourly rate * number of hours worked).
If employees work more than 40 hours, then he WILL receive two times his hourly rate for those hours over 40, in addition to his regular pay for the first 40.

15. if (weeklyHours <= 40){
earnings = hourlyRate * weeklyHours; }
else
offHours = weeklyHours - 40;
regpay = 40 * hourlyRate;
earnings = regpay + offHours * hourlyRate * 2;

16. Multi-Way Decisions
Multi-way decisions are used to evaluate a logical expression that could have several possible values.
“if / else if” statements are often used to choose between ranges of values
if ( logical expression ) {
stmtT1; }
else if ( logical expression )
stmtT2;
stmtT3;
stmtTN;
else

17. \01
else if statement

18. The form of a multi-way decision using “nested if” :
Purpose: To test more than one factors before we write our executable code
By nesting if structures, we write ONE COMPLETE if structure inside a SINGLE BRANCH of a parent if structure

19. Nested “if...else” Statements
if (marks>90) { cout<<“\nYou got A grade”; if(nAvailable_scholorships>0) cout<<“\nYou got scholorship too”; tution_fee_due = 0; } else if (marks>=50) cout<<“\nYou passed the course”; cout<<“\nYou failed the course”;

21. Matching the else

22. Matching the “else”
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a, b, c; cout<<“Enter three numbers, a, b, and c:\n”; cin >> a >> b >> c; if( a==b ) if( b==c ) cout << “a, b, and c are the same\n”; else cout << “a and b are different\n”; return 0; }
if( a==b ) {
if( b==c )
cout << “a, b, and c are the same\n”; }
else
cout<< “a and b are different\n”;
else
cout << “b and c are different\n”;

23. The else...if Construction
if (marks>80) { cout<<“\n You got A grade”; cout<<“\n You won scholarship too”; } else if (marks>70) cout<<“\n You got B grade”; else if (marks>60) cout<<“\n You got C grade”; else if (marks>50) cout<<“\n You got D grade”; else cout<<“\n You are fail”;

24. The Conditional Operator
This operator consists of two symbols, which operate on three operands.
Is same as we write:

25. The Conditional Operator
The part of this statement to the right of the equal sign is called the conditional expression:
The question mark and the colon make up the conditional operator. The expression before the question mark
is the test expression.

26. The Conditional Operator
If the test expression is true, the entire conditional expression takes on the value of the operand following the question mark: alpha in this example.
If the test expression is false, the conditional expression takes on the value of the operand following the colon: beta.

27. Conditional Operator (Ternary operator)
if (x > 0)
y = 1;
else
y = -1;
is equivalent to
y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1;
Syntax:
result = (condition) ? Expression1 : Expression2;

28. Conditional Operator, examples
cout << ((num % 2 == 0) ? "num is even" : "num is odd");
int min_value = (num1<num2) ? num1 : num2;
unsigned int absvalue = (n< 0) ? -n : n;

29. switch statement
Provides a series of alternatives (selections) based on the value of a SINGLE variable
Replaces a series of chained if-else statements
Makes code easier to read

30. Switch - Syntax { } switch (Variable)
case <value_1> : statement1;
statement2;
statement3;
break;
case <value_2> : statement1;
case <value_3> : statement1;
default: statement1; }
Optional

31. switch statement (without break)
Suppose ch is 'a’
switch (ch) {
case 'a': cout <<“ ch contains a”;
case 'b': cout <<“ ch contains b”;
case 'c': cout <<“ ch contains c”; }

32. switch statement (with break)
Suppose ch is ‘b’
switch (ch) {
case 'a': cout <<“ ch contains a”; break;
case 'b': cout <<“ ch contains b”; break;
case 'c': cout <<“ ch contains c”; break; }
cout<<“\n End of program…”;

33. Switch – Example-1 { } char grade; cin>>grade; switch (grade)
case ‘A’: tution_fees *= 0.20; break;
case ‘B’: tution_fees *= 0.40; break;
case ‘C’: tution_fees *= 0.60; break;
default: tution_fees *= 1; }

34. Switch – Example-3 cout<<“\nEnter numbers: “;
int a, b; char key;
cout<<“\nEnter numbers: “;
cin>>a>>b;
cout<<“Enter an arithmetic operator”;
cin>> key;
switch (key) {
case ‘+’ : cout<<(a+b); break;
case ‘-’ : cout<<(a-b); break;
case ‘*’ : cout<<(a*b); break;
case ‘/’ : cout<<(a/b); break;
default: cout<<“Error: Invalid key…"; }

35. Logical Operators
These operators allow you to logically combine Boolean variables (that is, variables of type bool, with true or false values).
For example, If today is Sunday and its not raining then I will play cricket.
The logical connection here is the word and, which provides a true or false value to the combination of the two phrases.
Only if they are both true then I will play cricket.

36. Logical Operators

37. Example

38. Example If input is ‘n’ then ?? If input is ‘Y’ then ??

39. Operator Precedence

40. Operator Precedence

41. Class Exercise-1 What will be the output of the following code?
int marks = 60;
switch(marks) {
case 50 : cout<<”Passed”;
case 60 : cout<<”Got C”;
case 70 : cout<<”Got B”;
case 80 : cout<<”Got A”; }

42. Class Exercise-2 What will be the output of the following code?
int n = -29;
int temp = (n<0)?-n:n;
cout<<temp;

43. Class Exercise-3 What will be the output of the following code?
int x=21, y=31, z=44;
if( ( x>16) && (y>x) || (z%2==0) )
cout<<“Hello“;
else
cout<<“World!“;

44. Class Exercise-4 What will be the output of the following code?
int x = 5, y = 30;
if(y/x > 2)
if(y % x !=2)
x = x + 2;
cout<<x<<”\n“<<y;

45. homework
Write a program that ask the user to enter a number in the range of 1—10.
Use a switch statement and display corresponding Roman Number against each entered decimal value. E.g.,
1  I
2  II
3  III
4  IV

46. homework
Write a program that ask to input value in seconds. Then the program converts the number of seconds into days, hours, minutes, and seconds value. In the end, the program shows the output in the following format:
Days:2 Hours:13 Minuts:32 Seconds:11