1. © T. M. Whitmore Today Social Geography  Race & Ethnicity  Religion

2. © T. M. Whitmore Questions? R to U migration? Social class/income wealth

3. © T. M. Whitmore Race & Ethnicity Colonial legacy of population holocaust, slavery, and miscegenation Post-colonial migrations — much in 19th Century  Asian  European => complex map

4. © T. M. Whitmore Current ethnic distributions Current spatial distributions  Afro-American (Latin Americans are “Americans,” too)  Brazil Brazil  Caribbean (Garifuna) Caribbean Garifuna  Amerindian  Former high culture areas of Mesoamerica and AndesMesoamericaAndes  Mestizo: Mexico & CA; BrazilMexico Brazil  Euro-American: Costa Rica; Southern ConeCosta RicaSouthern Cone

6. Garifuna

7. © T. M. Whitmore

10. Race in Latin America Racial mixing – but Euro-prestige Racial “bleaching” Racism “Social” races  But see TVTV Indigenismo & Négritude

12. © T. M. Whitmore

13. Catholic Heritage I Spanish Catholic rootsCatholic Spiritual conquest — an integral part of the conquest of the Americas Spiritual Legacy of Church’s history in Latin America Legacy  Identified with power/economic elite  Reform in form of liberation theology => oppression of the poor is a sin Reform

14. © T. M. Whitmore Catholic Heritage II Overwhelmingly people say “soy Catholico” = “I am a Catholic” Overwhelmingly  Church attendance is often low  But presence is everywhere “Folk” Catholicism — merging of Roman Catholic ritual and beliefs with indigenous (Amerindian) beliefsFolk Roman Catholic beliefs have merged with various African religious traditions in the Caribbean and Brazil especially Roman

15. © T. M. Whitmore

40. © Pearson Education – Prentice Hall

41. Obatala known as the parent of the Orishas and all human kind. The saint he represents is "Our lady of Mercy“ © 2005-2006 www.santeriareligion101.com

42. Lukumi (Santería) Altar ©2000 Latitude International Products

44. © T. M. Whitmore Religion: Non-Catholic Hindu and Islam — imported with indentured labor to Suriname, Guiana, Trinidad & Tobago mostly (but minorities in all of the Caribbean) Judaism — accompanied 1st migrants from Spain (conversos) Judaism Evangelical Protestants Evangelical  Protestants outlawed in Spanish/Portuguese colonial times  Very rapid growth in past few decades  ~40% of Guatemala  ~1/3 of Brazil

45. © T. M. Whitmore Inter-Personal socio-cultural traits Machismo — men in control of their lives and the lives of others in their lives Marianismo — roughly the inverse of machismo (from the idea that the ideal woman resembles Mary in her virtue and purity) Role conflict (e.g., casas chicas) “Personalismo” — much of social, economic, indeed all life in LA depends on social/family ties & personal spheres of influence and obligation

47. © T. M. Whitmore