1. Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour Stefan Milius, Marcello Bonsangue, Robert Myers, Jurriaan Rot

2. Motivation Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20142 Process algebra: SOS rules specify algebraic operations on system behaviour. GSOS format  well-behaved operations (bisimilarity is a congruence) Aceto‘s Theorem: The term model of a simple GSOS specification is regular. Turi & Plotkin (Power et al., Bartels, Klin, …): Mathematical operational semantics Interplay between syntax and semantics (sos rules) captured by distributive laws Main question: Can Aceto‘s Theorem be generalized to mathematical operational semantics? Our results: Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem Abstract rule format specifying operations on rational behaviour Applications: concrete formats for: streams, (weighted) LTS‘s, (non-)determ. automata B. Bloom, S. Istrail & A. Meyer: Bisimlation can‘t be traced. JACM 42, 1995.

3. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20143

4. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20144

5. Operations on behaviour Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20145 SOS rules specify algebraic operations on system behaviour. Example: Milner‘s CCS combinators Example: the zip-operation on streams: Example: the shuffle-operation on languages: syntax operational rules

6. Example: labelled transition systems GSOS format Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20146 B. Bloom, S. Istrail & A. Meyer: Bisimulation can‘t be traced. J. ACM 42, 1995. Classical transition system specifications (tss) with rules of the form operation symbol from given signature Σ Example: Milner‘s CCS combinators Theorem. Bisimilarity is a congruence.

7. Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20147 Abstract GSOS rules Turi‘s and Plotkin‘s abstract GSOS rules: behaviour functor (transition type) free monad (terms) signature functor (syntax) initial final ¸ -bialgebra operational model denotational model Theorem. Bisimilarity is a congruence.

8. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 20148

9. 9 Example: labelled transition systems Aceto‘s Simple GSOS L. Aceto: GSOS and Finite Labelled Transition Systems, TCS 131, 1994. Classical transition system specifications with rules of the form

10. Aceto‘s Theorem Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201410 How to generalize this to distributive laws? Theorem (L. Aceto). For a bounded transition system specification having finite dependency the operational model is regular. Examples: infinite dependencyfinite dependency L. Aceto: GSOS and finite labelled transition systems. TCS 131, 1994.

11. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201411

12. Bipointed Specifications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201412 Definition: Bipointed specifications are natural transformations Given: Example: bipointed specifications = simple GSOS specification with bounded opns What about finite dependency?

13. Finite dependency Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201413 Definition: Preserving finitely presentable objects Example:

14. Finite dependency of tss Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201414 Theorem.

15. Aceto‘s Theorem generalized Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201415 Operational model Theorem. Definition. finitely presentable objects unique Example.

16. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201416

17. (Rational) Denotational Model Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201417 Denotational model Now consider: final locally finite F-coalgebra finitely presentable objects Proposition. J. Adamek, S. Milius, J. Velebil: Iterative Algebras at Work, MSCS 2006 unique

18. Examples Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201418 More examples: rational formal power series, rational Ʃ -trees, rational ¸ -trees, …

19. Operations on the rational fixpoint Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201419 Theorem. „rational denotational model“ unique F-coalgeba homomorphism Extends: M. Bonsangue, S. Milius, J. Rot: On the specification of operations on the rational behaviour of systems, EXPRESS/SOS 2012. Rational behaviour closed under opns defined by bipointed specs.

20. What about more general rule formats? Counterexample:rational behaviour is not closed under operations specified by abstract GSOS rules Conjecture: all results still hold true for Klin‘s „coGSOS“ laws: cofree comonad on F

21. Overview ●Abstract GSOS rules of Turi & Plotkin ●Simple GSOS and Aceto‘s Theorem ●Generalization of Aceto‘s Theorem ●Operations on rational behaviour ●Applications Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201421

22. Application 1: Labelled Transition Systems Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201422 Corollary. Operations defined by simple GSOS rules restrict to the rational fixpoint of F. coproduct of all finite labelled transition systems modulo bisimilarity Examples. All CCS combinators, e.g. Corollary. Aceto's Theorem.

23. Application 2: Streams Corollary. Operations defined by bipointed stream SOS rules restrict to eventually periodic streams. Examples. coGSOS rule Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 2014

24. Application 3: Non-deterministic automata Bipointed NDA SOS specifications accepting states Remark. This format is not complete w.r.t. to bipointed specifications. Corollary. Example. Shuffle operator Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 2014

25. Application 4: Deterministic Automata Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201425 join-semilattices with bottom Bipointed DA SOS specifications Remark. Not complete w.r.t. to bipointed specifications. Corollary.

26. Application 4: Deterministic Automata Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201426 Shuffle operator Sequential composition Other examples: regular expression opns incl. Kleene star, … Corollary. (to generalization of Aceto‘s theorem) J. Brzozowski: Derivatives of regular expressions, JACM 1964.

27. Application 5: weighted transition systems Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201427 Bipointed WTS SOS specifications Remark. This format is not complete w.r.t. to bipointed specifications. Corollary. Example. Priority operator

28. Conclusions  Mathematical operational semantics meets finiteness:  bipointed specifications capture Aceto‘s simple GSOS  Generalization of Aceto‘s result that the operational model is regular  rational fixpoint is closed under operations specified by bipointed specifications  Many interesting applications:  labelled transition systems, streams, (non-)deterministic automata, weighted transition systems, deterministic automata on join-semilattices, etc. Future work  More on bipointed specifications in algebraic categories (e.g. complete formats, other categories: locally finite varieties, …)  Rational and context free power series  Local finiteness of operational models and rational fixpoints:  decidability of bisimilarity, algorithms, tool development Mathematical Operational Semantics and Finitary System Behaviour | IFIP WG Meeting | January, 201428