1. Organic Compounds By the end of the unit you should be able to define and understand the following words. 1. Hydrocarbon 2. Alkane 3. Alkene 4. Alkyne 5. Alcohol You should be able to name, draw, and give the chemical formula for: 1. The first 10 alkanes 2. The first 10 alkenes 3. The first 10 alkynes 4. The first 5 alcohols

2. Organic compounds: A covalently bonded compound in which carbon forms the backbone of the molecule. Organic compounds are considered the compounds of life. Ex: Glucose. Inorganic compounds: A covalently bonded simple carbon compound in which carbon is not bonded to another carbon or to a hydrogen. Ex: Carbon dioxide. There are three main reasons that carbon can form thousands of different molecules and is well suited to be the backbone of organic molecules: 1. Each carbon atom has 4 electrons in its outer orbital. This allows carbon to make up to 4 covalent bonds because the outer orbital can hold 8 electrons. Carbon Both inorganic and organic forms of carbon occur widely in nature

3. Covalent bond Electron orbital diagram of carbon

4. 2. Carbon can form single, double or triple bonds. H H-C-H H C=C H H-CC-H 3. Carbon atoms have a tendency to bond with each other to form long straight chains, branched chains and rings.

5. Hydrocarbons are simple compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen only. The ten hydrocarbon prefixes: Hydrocarbons Meth: 1 carbon Eth: 2 carbons Prop: 3 carbons But: 4 carbons Pent: 5 carbons Hex: 6 carbons Hept: 7 carbons Oct: 8 carbons Non: 9 carbons Dec: 10 carbons

6. There are three groups of hydrocarbons: 1. Alkanes: Formula C n H 2n+2 2. Alkenes: Formula C n H 2n n = the number of carbons. 3. Alkynes: Formula C n H 2n-2 The Alkanes The alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. The formula for alkanes is C n H 2n+2. The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – ane. Ex: 4 carbon alkane = But-ane or butane.

7. The First 2 Alkanes Name:Structural formula:Chemical formula: Methane: C CH 4 H H H H Ethane:C HH H HH H C2H6C2H6

8. The Alkenes The alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain one double bond between two of its carbons. The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – ene. The formula for alkenes is C n H 2n. Ex: 4 carbon alkene = But-ene or butene.

9. The First 2 Alkenes Name:Structural formula:Chemical formula: The first alkene is a two carbon compound because it takes at least two carbons to form a double bond. Ethene C HH HH C2H4C2H4 Propene CCCCCC HHH H H H C3H6C3H6

10. The Alkynes The alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain one triple bond between two of its carbons. The formula for alkynes is C n H 2n-2. The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – yne. Ex: 4 carbon alkyne = But-yne or butyne.

11. The First 2 Alkynes The first alkyne is a two carbon compound because it takes at least two carbons to form a triple bond. Name:Structural formula:Chemical formula: Ethyne:CHH C2H2C2H2 Propyne:CCCCCCH H H H C3H4C3H4

12. Alcohols An important group of compounds derived from hydrocarbons are alcohols. Alcohols are produced by replacing one hydrogen on an alkane with the alcohol group, which is the –OH group. The names are derived by taking the prefix for the number of carbons it contains and adding the suffix – anol. Ex: 4 carbon alcohol = But-anol or butanol.

13. Name:Structural formula:Chemical formula: The First 2 Alcohols Methanol: CH H H OHCH 3 OH Ethanol:C HH H HH OH C 2 H 5 OH

14. Ethanol, which can be produced by fermentation of fruits or grains by using yeast is one of the oldest and most widely used recreational drugs in the world. Typically taken in the form of an alcoholic beverage. All alcohols, including ethanol, are poisons. Even ethanol can be deadly in high dosages. Ethanol is less poisonous than other alcohols because the body easily breaks it down. Butanol is used as a base for perfumes. Methanol is a volatile, flammable, poisonous liquid that is used as antifreeze, a solvent and fuel. Also referred to as wood alcohol, it is a poison that attacks the central nervous system causing blindness or death.

15. Copy and complete in your homework/class-work assignment unit #2 (5 points) 1. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkanes. 2. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkenes. 3. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkynes. 4. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 3, 4, 5 carbon alcohols.