1. Functional Groups Chemistry 11

2. Functional Groups There are several different groups that can be added to a hydrocarbon in order to change it into a different type of organic compound It will be important to be able to differentiate between the different functional groups and the compounds they form

3. Alcohol An alcohol is created when a hydroxyl group (OH) is added to a carbon The hydroxyl group can be in the middle of the compound or on a terminal carbon By convention, if the hydroxyl group is on the terminal carbon, it is draw on the right hand end of the compound An alcohol takes the root of the compound but adds the suffix “ol”

4. Carboxylic Acid Is created when the carobxyl group (COOH) is part of a hydrocarbon This group appears on a terminal carbon and include a carbon oxygen double bond and then an OH group To name a carboxylic acid, the root remains but the suffix becomes “oic acid”

5. Aldehydes & Ketones Aldehydes are created when a formyl group (double bonded oxygen) is bonded to a terminal carbon It is named using the suffix “al” Ketones are created when a carbonyl group (doubled bonded oxygen) is bonded to a non- terminal carbon It is named using the suffix “one”

6. Esters Esters have both a double bonded oxygen and single bonded oxygen in the middle of the compound They are normally created from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester and water They are named by giving the alcohol group an alkyl name and using the suffix “oate” with the carboxylic acid

7. Amines and Amides Amines contain a nitrogen bonded in the carbon chain (may appear at the end of the carbon chain) Named by adding “amine” to the root Amides also contain a nitrogen but it must be bonded to a carbon that has a double bonded oxygen Named by adding “amide” to the root

8. Practice Problems Page 379 1-4