1. Geochemical data

2. All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light (3 x 10 8 ms -1 ) and are discussed in terms of wavelength and frequency The electromagnetic spectrum

3. Spectrometry

4. The K emission spectrum of copper

5. X-ray spectrum of an olivine

6. An atom of the element carbon (C) The nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons Six electrons orbit the nucleus, confined to specific orbits called energy-levels The first shell can only contain 2 electrons The second shell can contain 8 electrons In the case of a carbon atom, the second shell is therefore half full and contains only 4 electrons

8. A typical rock analysis

11. Common types of magma

14. Composition of Earth shells Elements wt% CrustMantleCore ContinentalOceanicUpperLowerOuterInner O41.243.744.743.7 10--15 Si282221.122.5 Al14.37.51.91.6 Fe4.78.55.69.880--8580 Ca3.97.11.41.7 K2.30.330.080.11 Na2.21.60.150.84 Mg1.97.624.718.8 Ti0.41.10.120.08 C0.3 H0.2 Mn0.070.150.070.33 Ni 520 Cr 0.51

15. Nucleosynthesis « Bethe’s cycle »

16. Elements stability

17. Elements abundance Lights > Heavies Even > Odd Abundance peak close to Fe (n=56)

18. Solar system abundance

21. Formation of a planetary nebula -

22. Planetary nebulas

23. Temperature gradients in the planetary nebula

24. Formation of the solar system

25. Differenciation of planets