1. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction Conveners of GI1.4 session M. Yamauchi (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Sweden) Oleg Voitsekhovych (Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, Ukraine) Elena Korobova (Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Federation) Michio Aoyama (Meteorological Research Institute, Japan) Kazuyuki Kita (Ibaraki University, Japan) Andreas Stohl (Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway) Gerhard Wotawa (Central Inst. Meteorology and Geodynamics, Austria) Naohiro Yoshida (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)

2. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction ©Soviet Authorities by GRID-Arendal (©European Commission, Joint Research Center, Environment Institute, Institute of Global Climate and Ecology; Roshydromet; Minchernobyl; Belhydromet) Cesium Deposition on Europe, 1986

3. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction Environment / Geoscience aspect Without understanding contamination science, we cannot estimate or protect human exposure Multi-disciplinary aspect - Dynamics / Physics / Chemistry / Biology - Local / Regional / Global - Urban / Field / Forest / Water / Ocean Multiple-route effects of radionuclide - External & internal dose - Physical & biological/environmental decay - Hardness of radiation (mainly gamma)

4. Many sciences are involved (Shestopalov et al., 2003) Fluid Dynamics and Transport Chemical property (ionized, exited, bind etc) Biochemical transfer and concentration How easy to resolve in water Physics

5. (a) (b) (c) (a)(b)(c) example: Three types of fallout  Different science chemistry & physics involve for the further movement of the radionuclides

6. Our GI1.4 session covers: 1 Radionuclide release and deposition (contamination) Aerosol physics-chemistry Atmospheric transport Surface contamination (fallout) 2 Land environment (contamination & countermeasures) (Urban), Agriculture, Forest (=Soil-system & Ecosystem) 3 Aquatic environment (contamination & countermeasures) ocean hydrology (river, lake, ground water) hydrology-soil system 4 Future tasks (research & technology) monitoring & soil experiment tasks remote sensing & unmanned vehicle technology health risk modeling (e.g., GIS modeling) risk analyses in general

7. Fukushima compared to Chernobyl: -comparable Cs-deposition levels but over smaller area -no substantial Sr, Am, Pu deposition via atmospheric releases -however, much larger releases to the sea 7 Comparison Fukushima – Chernobyl (same scale)

8. FeaturesChernobylFukushima Atmospheric release 137 Cs 90 Sr 239-240 Pu IAEA, 2006 47 85 0,03 NISA Report, 2011 15 0,14 n/a Atmospheric deposition Fuel particles, volatile and non-volatile elements Volatile elements only Deposition areasMainly central Europe: Terrestrial ecosystems, catchments of the Dnieper and Danube River basin, forest and agriculture areas, Black Sea and Baltic Sea. * Huge transboundary effect Pacific coast of Japan: Complex landscape, forest, agricultural area, high density of population, ocean ecosystem. * Transboundary effects negligible Prevailing pathways of exposure External exposure, consumption of milk and meat, vegetables External exposure, consumption of milk and meat, vegetables, seafood In both cases the water pathways are not prevailing in human dose exposure, however its role are significant in some cases of specific water use such as irrigation, water supply, fishery and seafood production and also can create inadequate risk perception phenomena Speciation and similarities of the impacts

9. Calculated plume formation according to meteorological conditions for instantaneous releases on the following dates and times (GMT): (1) 26 April, 00:00; (2) 27 April, 00:00; (3) 27 April, 12:00; (4) 29 April, 00:00; (5) 2 May, 00:00; and (6) 4 May, 12:00 (Borsilov and Klepikova 1993). Radioactive contamination of the catchments after Chernobyl and aquatic environment, as versus of fallout formation date, its physical and chemical forms and also speciation of the the landscapes at the deposited river watersheds 137 Cs activity concentration in different rivers per unit of deposition (Smith, 2004) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

22. extra slides for questions

23. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction (IAEA, 2006)

24. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction 137 Cs contamination (Kashparov et al., 2003)

25. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction

26. (Shaw et al., 2002)

27. From Chernobyl to Fukushima: introduction (IAEA, 2006)