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Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept.

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept."— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction to Geology Summer HSSP 2007 Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT Einat Lev & Christy Till Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences MIT

2 Why study geology?

3 Curiosity and passion for nature! http://www.vulkaner.no/v/volcan/panarea_e.html Iguazu waterfalls, Argentina Torres del Paine, Chile Stromboli, Italy

4 Dept. of Transportation website IRIS website http://americandigest.org/mt-archives/lagunalandslide1.jpg Geologic Hazards Landslides Volcanoes Earthquakes

5 http://www.turbosquid.com/FullPreview/Index.cfm/ID/255352 http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/features.cfm?feature=1158 Origin of life and the planets

6 An Intellectual Challenge Understanding nature!!! Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Engineering

7 … and we get to works OUTSIDE! GPS stations Seismometers Gravimeters

8 What do geologists do for a living?

9 Teaching Exploration Research labs Government Consulting and planning

10 HSSP Summer 2007 - Topics Covered  Intro to Geology & Plate Tectonics  Volcanoes & Geochemistry  Rock types  Earthquakes & Seismology  Earth’s Magnetic Field  Determining the age of rocks  Structural Geology  Planetary Geology

11 “The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”? “The ring of fire” = a high concentration of earthquakes and volcanoes around the Pacific ocean. Why are they there? Are there other “rings”? “The Ring of Fire”

12 Earthquakes and Volcanoes around the world http://www.quakes.uq.edu.au/seis_maps /images/Seismicity-world.gif http://earth.rice.edu/MTPE/geo/geosphe re/hot/volcanoes/volcanoes_b2.html

13 Earthquakes of the world

14 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html Present day tectonic plates

15 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html Present day tectonic plates

16 1858: Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, French Geographer 1912 Alfred Lothar Wegener 32 year old meteorologist Proposed theory of “continental drift” http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

17 How do we know the plates fit together? http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

18 Location of the continents since 225 million years ago http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

19 Movie Movie – The break-up of Pangea Movie Movie – The break-up of Pangea

20 Why did Pangea break apart? How do the plates move?

21 The types of plate boundaries http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

22 Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading) http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php Movie

23 http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html Divergent boundaries (seafloor spreading) Mid-ocean ridge

24 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html Mid-ocean ridges (MORs)

25 http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/270/Lec12/Lec12.html Modern example of a new divergent boundary

26 How do we study mid-ocean ridges? http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html Black smoker erupting high temperature gases Lavas erupted underwater form pillow shapes

27 But the surface of the Earth isn’t growing…. How are plates destroyed?

28 The types of plate boundaries http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

29 Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php Movie

30 Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_12.asp ocean-ocean subductionocean-cont. subduction http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

31 Convergent boundaries (subduction zones) http://www.geo.lsa.umich.edu/~crlb/COURSES/117-IntroductiontoGeology/Lec19/lec19b.html continent-continent collision ocean-continent subduction

32 Can we see the subducted plate? YES! http://www.ncedc.org/anss/maps/cnss-depth.html Zhao et al, Science, 1997 Seismic tomography Earthquakes location

33 One other way plates interact

34 The types of plate boundaries http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html

35 Transform boundaries (strike-slip faults) San Andreas Fault http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html http://comp.uark.edu/~sboss/ex4s02an swers.htm

36 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/download/jrscsubdtn.php Movie - Transform plate boundary in Western US

37 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html What are the plates moving over?

38 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/dynamic.html What causes the plates to move?

39 http://skolelab.uib.no/kurs/2004v/North_Atlantic_bathymetry_300.jpg What is the tectonic setting of Boston? MIT

40 Volcanoes!!! Next time –

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