1. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 1 of 13 Cell Structures

2. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Plasma membrane – envelopes the whole cell and allows nutrients in and wastes out Cytoplasm – constitutes the interior of the cell and controls metabolism Nucleus – directs all cell activity and contains the genetic material Ribosomes – synthesizes proteins Mitochondria – energy source for cell by assembly, storage, and release of ATP Lysosome – recycling center that breaks down large molecules by inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond Endoplasmic reticulum – transports chemicals between cells and within cells Golgi complex – modifies, stores, and secretes chemicals HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 2 of 13 Cell Parts and Functions

3. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 3 of 13 Free Radicals Water exposed to radiation results in an ion pair H 2 O + radiation → H 2 O + + e - The water ion combines with water to produce hydronium and a free radical H 2 O + + H 2 O → H 3 O + + OH∙ Hydronium can combine with a free electron to produce water and a free radical H 3 O + + e - → H 2 O + H∙ Free radicals can combine with like free radicals to produce hydrogen gas or hydrogen peroxide H∙ + H∙ → H 2 OH∙ + OH∙ → H 2 O 2 If oxygen is present, a free radical can combine with it, resulting in a hydroperoxyl radical H∙ + O 2 → H 2 O∙ Hydroperoxyl radicals can combine with other free radicals to produce hydrogen peroxide HO 2 ∙ + H∙ → H 2 O 2 HO 2 ∙ + HO 2 ∙ → H 2 O 2

4. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program Damage to DNA or Chromosomes HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 4 of 13

5. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 5 of 13 Cell Division Parent Cell Cell Division Normal Daughter Cells Normal Cell Division – No Radiation Involved

6. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 6 of 13 Cell Division Parent Cell Cell Division Normal Daughter Cells Radiation Damage Repaired Radiation Damage Repaired – Followed By Normal Cell Division

7. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 7 of 13 Cell Division Parent Cell Cell Division Abnormal Daughter Cells Radiation Radiation Damage Resulting in Abnormal Daughter Cells

8. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 8 of 13 Cell Division Parent Cell Cell Division Daughter Cells Die Radiation Radiation Damage -- Daughter Cells Incapable of Life

9. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 9 of 13 Cell Division Parent Cell Parent Cell Dies Severe Radiation Severe Radiation Damage -- Parent Cell Dies

10. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 10 of 13 Radiosensitivity of Cells Most Sensitive Sperm cells Leukocytes – white blood cells Erythrocytes – red blood cells Blood Forming Tissue – bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes Fetal Cells Moderately Sensitive Digestive System Vascular System – affected in many ways Outer and inner layers of skin Hair follicles Least Sensitive Muscle Collagen – connective tissue Central Nervous System Bone

11. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 11 of 13 Threshold Doses DoseHealth Effect 5 RadBlood Changes 10 Rad 15 Rad 50 Rad 100 Rad 150 Rad 200 Rad 300 Rad 600 Rad 1000 RadCentral nervous system syndrome, survival virtually impossible Chromosome Aberrations Temporary sterility in men, up to 4 yr Decreased white blood cells, nausea, vomiting, immune system depression Mild radiation sickness, survival almost certain Mortality rare, ovulatory suppression Hair loss, erythema, blisters, scarring, survival possible Gastrointestinal syndrome, permanent sterility in women aged 15 to 40, death likely Hematopoietic syndrome, permanent sterility in men and temporary in women, survival possible

12. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 12 of 13 Lethality Dose SpeciesLD 50 RadsSpeciesLD 50 RadsSheep155Burro155Swine195Marmoset200Goat230Guinea pig255Dog265Monkey398Human *320-360Human **480-540Human ***> 540Rabbit840Mouse900Gerbil1059Desert Mice1520 * With medical care ** With supportive medical care *** With intensive medical care

13. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 13 of 13 Internal Deposition Kidneys Lungs Lymph Nodes Subcutaneous Tissue Organs Liver Extracellular Fluid (Including Blood) Skin GI Tract Inhalation Ingestion Wound Exhalation Perspiration Urine Bile Feces

14. TVAN Technical Training Health Physics (RADCON) Initial Training Program HPT001.008 Revision 2 Page 14 of 13 Loss of Life Expectancy Health RiskDays LostHealth RiskDays LostSmoking *2370 (6.5 years)Overweight **985 (2.7 years)All accidents435 (1.2 years)Auto accident200Alcohol use130Home accident95Drowning41Safest jobs30Natural Bkgd8Medical X-rays6All catastrophes3.51 Rem ***11 Rem/yr 30 yr305 Rem/yr 30 yr150 ** by 20% *** Industry average occupational exposure is 0.34 Rem/year * 20 cigarettes (1 pack) per day